Cancer 101: A Cancer Education and Training Program for [Target Population]

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Cancer 101 A Cancer Education and Training
Program for Target Population

• Date
• Location

Presented by Presenter 1 Presenter 2
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Cancer Screening and Early Detection
Cancer 101 Learning Module 5
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Learning Objectives

• At the completion of Module 5, you will be able
  to
• Describe the importance of early detection.
• Describe two screening methods used in the
  detection of cancer.
• Describe two barriers associated with practicing
  early detection.
• Describe three symptoms of cancer.

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Why is early detection important?

• The goal of early detection is to discover and
  stop a cancerous tumor before it grows and
  spreads (metastasizes).
• A persons chance for full recovery is better if
  cancer is detected and treated earlier.

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What is cancer screening?

• Checking for cancer in a person who does not have
  any symptoms is called screening.

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Cancer Screening (contd)

• Medical screening tests are effective tools for
  the early detection of cancer.
• A few types of cancer have specific tests that
  aid in detecting cancer.

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Cancer Screening Prevention

• Screening tests for common types of cancer
• Breast mammogram
• Cervix Pap test
• Colon rectum fecal occult blood test,
  sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, digital rectal exam
• Prostate digital rectal exam, PSA test

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Screening for Breast Cancer

• Mammogram
• Screening
• Diagnostic
• Digital
• Clinical breast exam (CBE)
• Breast self exam (BSE)
• See your provider and get a mammogram every 1-2
  years after age 40.

Image Source National Cancer Institute
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Screening for Cervical Cancer

• Papanicolaou (Pap Test)
• Pelvic Exam
• Cervical cancer screening should begin 3 years
  after a woman begins having sexual intercourse,
  but no later than age 21.
• Women should have a Pap test at least once every
  3 years

Image Source National Cancer Institute
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How should women prepare for a Pap test?

• Doctors suggest the following tips
• For 48 hours before the test
• Do not douche
• Do not have sexual intercourse
• Do not use vaginal medicines (except as directed
  by doctor), birth control foams, jellies, or
  creams
• Schedule your test 10-20 days after the first day
  of your menstrual period.

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Screening for Colon Rectal Cancer

• Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
• Guaiac FOBT
• Fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
• Sigmoidoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Barium enema
• Digital rectal exam

Images Source National Cancer Institute
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Images Source National Cancer Institute
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Virtual Colonoscopy

• Computed tomographic (CT) colonography
• Less invasive, less discomfort
• Detects large polyps
• Evolving test, still being studied

Virtual colonoscopy image of the inside of a
colon. The red colored area indicates a polyp.
Image courtesy of Dr. R.M. Summers, National
Institutes of Health.
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Case Study

• Martha is 55 years old.
• She just went in for a check-up, and her doctor
  recommended that she schedule appointments for
• A Pap test. Her last one was three years ago.
  It was normal.
• A mammogram. She had one two years ago. It was
  normal.
• A colonoscopy. She has not had any type of
  colorectal screening since she turned 50.

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Screening for Prostate Cancer

• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
• Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test

Image Source National Cancer Institute
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Cancer Screening Early Detection

• Awareness of body changes may help detect early
  signs of cancer.
• Examples of changes to note
• Breast tissue
• Testicular tissue

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Barriers to Cancer Screening Early Detection

• There are many barriers that may affect ones
  decision to participate in cancer screening and
  early detection.
• What barriers might Martha face?

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Barriers to Cancer Screening Early Detection

• Examples of barriers include
• Fear of cancer
• Lack of knowledge
• Modesty
• Communication
• Beliefs around illness
• Are there others you can think of?

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Possible Symptoms of Cancer

• There are many different symptoms known to be
  associated with certain types of cancers.
• A symptom is a sign that something is not right
  in the body and does NOT always indicate cancer.

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Pay attention to your body if there is

• A change in bowel or bladder habits
• A sore that does not heal
• Unusual bleeding or discharge
• Thickening, lump, or swelling in the breast or
  any other part of the body
• Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• Recent change in wart or mole
• Nagging cough or hoarseness

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Pay attention to your body if there are

• Unexplained symptoms such as
• Progressive weight loss
• Fever
• Skin changes
• Fatigue
• Pain

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In Summary

• You now have an understanding of
• The components of early detection
• Importance of recognizing the barriers to
  practicing early detection
• The symptoms of cancer