Human Settlement Patterns Urban Geography

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Human Settlement PatternsUrban Geography
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Questions

• Why Urbanization?
• Factors that Determine Location of Cities?
• Functions of an Urban Area?
• Effects of Urbanization on Culture?

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Central Place Theory

• Central Places cities and town
• Centralization of goods and services
• Places are related to each other

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Central Place TheoryAssumptions

• Towns provide goods services, surrounded by
  agriculture
• Farms are dispersed in an even pattern
• Each product or service has a minimum number of
  consumers to support supply
• Consumers obtain goods and services from nearest
  supply

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Central Place Theory

• Heirarchy of central places
• Fairly regular spacing and size
• Hexagonal arrangement
• Validated in many cases

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Rank Size Rule

• The nth largest city in a region will have 1/n to
  population of the largest city
• Suppose the largest city is 100,000 persons, then
  the 5th largest city will have 1/5 x (100,000) or
  20,000 persons

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Rank Size (1/n) Rule
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Rank Size Rule (1/n)
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Early Urban Societies

• Holland - 17th century
• Global shipping, banking
• Supported by highly productive agriculture
• Pre-industrial revolution
• Britain
• Occurred during industrialization
• Worlds first model of urbanization
• Terrible hardships
• Emigration

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Structure of Cities

• Four models of internal patterns
• Concentric zone
• Sector
• Multiple-nuclei
• Peripheral
• Social factors
• Government
• Environmental concerns

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City Structure

• Economy
• Basic sector production of goods
• Non-basic sector services
• Ratio of persons employed in basic to non-basic
  sector is similar for same sized cities
• As cities grow the of persons employed in the
  non-basic sector increases

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Inner City Processes

• Competitive bidding for land
• Usable land becomes scarce and more expensive
• Cheaper to build up than out
• Outlying areas become relatively cheaper
• Poorer Individuals cannot afford transportation,
  remain in inner city
• Growth of Suburbs

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Growth of Suburbs

• U.S. phenomenon due to prosperity
• Early suburbs
• Cultural preference for rural living
• Government policies
• FHA loan program
• Tax incentives
• Returning veterans

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Suburban Infrastructure

• Sprawl
• High costs
• Energy
• Commute / transportation
• Leapfrogging
• Environmental
• Farmland
• Green space

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Social Consequences

• New Types of Residential housing
• Job movement and creation
• Commuting patterns
• Rush hour

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New Patterns

• New urbanism
• Recreate small town America
• Less dependence on cars
• Telecommuting
• Virtual shopping
• Internet

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Central Cities Decline

• 1970-1995
• Economic decline
• Population loss
• Deteriorating housing and neighborhoods
• Loss of entry level jobs

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Central Cities New Growth

• Service sector economy
• Increased white collar jobs
• Finance, IT, bio-tech
• Gentrification
• Rediscovering urban living
• Yuppies / empty nesters
• Immigrants

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Redistribution of Jobs Housing

• Urban enterprise zones
• Reclaiming brownfields
• Relocate subsidized housing
• Transportation to suburban jobs