Energy Resources: Renewable and Nonrenewable

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Energy ResourcesRenewable and Nonrenewable
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Renewable vs. Non-renewable

• Non-renewable resource
• Exists in finite supply
• Is used faster than it can replenish
• Ex oil, coal, nuclear fuels
• Renewable or perpetual
• Replenishes very rapidly
• Inexhaustible supply
• Ex solar, wind, hydropower

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Non-Renewable Energy Sources

• Conventional
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Coal
• Nuclear
• Unconventional (examples)
• Oil Shale
• Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment

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Renewable Energy Sources

• Solar photovoltaic
• Passive solar air and water heating
• Wind
• Hydropower
• Biomass
• Ocean energy
• Geothermal
• Waste to Energy

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Evaluating Energy Resources

• US Energy Resources
• Renewable energy 8

• Non-renewable energy 92

• Considerations for Resources
• Future availability

• Net energy yield

• Cost

• Environmental effects

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Petroleum (Oil) 39 of US Energy

• US uses 26 of oil
• extracted worldwide
• we have 2.9 of worlds oil reserves
• Depletion of our reserves
• means more oil imported
• World oil reserves 80
• depleted in 42-93 years
• Oil is a finite resource!

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Oil 39 of US Energy

• Pros of Oil
• High net energy
• Easily transported
• Strong infrastructure
• Cons of Oil
• Requires subsidies
• Air pollution
• Global warming
• Limited supplies

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Peak Production of Petroleum in US
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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Is this the
answer?

• Would meet US needs for 7-24 months
• 1 mpg increase for new cars ANWR

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Natural Gas 23 of US Energy

• Mostly methane other gases
• LNG-versatile and high net energy
• Cleaner burning than oil or coal
• But, US has only 3 of world supply

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Coal 23 of US Energy
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Coal 23 of US Energy

• Produces 62 of worlds electricity and 52 of US
  electricity
• Most abundant fossil fuel and could easily last
  at least 200 years
• US has 25 of worlds reserves, Russia 16,
  China 12
• High net energy yield, but

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Coal 23 of US Energy

• Accounts for 36 CO2 released
• Severely degrades land causing land, air and
  water pollution
• Severe human health threat
• Air pollution and acid rain

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Mining Waste Impacts on Surface and Groundwater
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Nuclear 8 of US Energy

• Expensive--subsidies needed
• Catastrophic accidents possible
• No solution to nuclear waste disposal
• Subject to terrorist attack

• Significant fuel supply
• Low CO2 output
• Moderate land disruption and pollution but

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235 92
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92 36
Kr
235 92
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U
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235 92
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141 56
Ba
92 36
Kr
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92 36
Kr
n
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235 92
n
U
141 56
Ba
92 36
Kr
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141 56
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235 92
U
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235 92
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235 92
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Nuclear 8 of US Energy
Miller, 13th edition Fig. 15-36 p. 367
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Nuclear Fusion
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Fusion-Disadvantages

• Need around 100 millon degrees for duterium and
  tritium to fuse
• With our current technology, we use more energy
  than we can produce.

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Oil Shale

• Fine grained rock containing a solid , waxy
  mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen
• Extracted from rock by crushing and heating.
• Global supplies are potentially 200 times larger
  than conventional oil.

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Oil Shale-Disadvantages

• Lower net energy yield
• Requires large amounts of water
• Contaminates water supplies with toxic metals
• Too expensive

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Tar Sands

• Mixture of clay, sand, water, and bitumen (gooey
  black high-sulfur oil)
• Removed by surface mining using pressurized steam
• Worlds largest supply in northern Alberta, Canada

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Tar Sands-Disadvantages

• Low net energy yield
• Requires large quanties of water
• Creates huge waste dispposal ponds

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Natural Gas Hydrates

• Methane Hydrates found in a solid form under
  great pressure in deep ocean sediments
• Cannot be retreived efficiently with current
  technology

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Renewable Energy sources
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Solar Energy

• Solar energy consists of harnessing radiant
  energy from the sun.
• Active solar heats water or air inside a
  home-requires electricity to circulate
• Passive solar-the structure is built to maximize
  solar capture
• Photovoltaic cells generate electricity

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Solar Energy

• Pros

• Cons

• Limitless supply
• Little environmental impact
• Good for remote locations

• Inefficient where sunlight is limited
• Maintenance costs high
• Systems must be periodically replaced
• Current efficiency only 10-25

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Wind Energy

• Wind turns giant turbine blades that produce
  electricity

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Wind Energy

• Pros

• Cons

• Can be built quickly
• Maintenance is low
• Moderate to high energy yeild
• No air pollution
• Land underneath can be used for agriculture

• Steady wind is required
• Needs backup systems
• Visual and noise pollution
• May interfere with flight patterns of birds

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Hydropower 10 of US Energy

• Dams built to trap water, which in turn is then
  released and channeled through turbines to
  generate electricity

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Hydropower

• Pros

• Cons

• Control flooding
• Low operating cost
• No pollution
• Long life span
• Moderate to high energy yield
• Areas for water recreation

• Displace many people
• Destroy wildlife habitats
• Sedimentation requires dredging
• Expensive to build
• Destroys wild rivers

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Biomass

• Any carbon-based, biologically derived fuel
  source.
• Plants suitabelefor biofuel include switch grass,
  corn, and sugarcane
• Supplies about 15 of worlds energy

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Biomass

• Pros

• Cons

• Renewable energy source
• Can be sustainable
• Does not distupt atmospheric CO2

• Requires adequate water and fertilizer
• Could cause massive deforestation
• Expensive to transport
• Not efficient

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Geothermal lt 1 US Energy

• Heat from underground rock or magma used to
  produce steam that drive turbines.

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Geothermal

• Pros

• Cons

• Moderate energy yield
• Limitless and reliable source if managed properly
• Little air pollution
• Competitive cost

• Reservoir sites are scarce
• Can be depleted if not managed properly
• Noise, odor, land subsidence
• Can degrade ecosystem

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Solutions

• Energy Efficiency!
• 43 of energy in the US is wasted unnecessarily
• Incandescent bulb5 efficient
• Fluorescent bulb20 efficient
• Auto fleet standards CAFE Standards (Corporate
  Average Fuel Economy)
• 12.9 mpg in 1974
• 27.9 mpg today
• 40 mpg CAFE standard would cut gas use by 50

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Efficiencies
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Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency

• Insulation

• Eliminate air leaks

• Air to air heat exchangers

• Efficient appliances

• Efficient electric motors

• High-efficiency lighting

• Increasing fuel economy

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Toward a Sustainable Energy Future

• Increase fuel efficiency standards for vehicle,
  appliances, buildings
• Tax and other financial incentives for energy
  efficiency
• Subsidize renewable energy use, research and
  development
• By 2050
• renewable energy50
• cut coal use by 50
• phase out nuclear altogether