Lecture Notes 3: Biochemistry

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Lecture Notes 3 Biochemistry

• Biology A
• Eaton Rapids High School
• K.Coppins

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I. Basics of Chemistry

• A. The Atom
• 1. ______________________________
• 2. Made of a __________________ surrounded by a
  cloud of negative particles called ____________.
• 3. All elements are listed on the _____________.

Smallest unit of any element
positive nucleus
electrons
Periodic Table
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I. Basics of Chemistry

• Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,
  Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70)
• Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead,
  Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts)
• Reference H. A. Harper, V. W. Rodwell, P. A.
  Mayes, Review of Physiological Chemistry, 16th
  ed., Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos,
  California 1977.

• A. The Atom
• 4. Elements in the body
• Oxygen (65)
• Carbon (18)
• Hydrogen (10)
• Nitrogen (3)
• Calcium (1.5)
• Phosphorus (1.0)
• Potassium (0.35)
• Sulfur (0.25)
• Sodium (0.15)
• Magnesium (0.05)

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I. Basics of Chemistry

• B. Molecules
• 1. When two or more atoms join together, they
  form a ___________.
• 2. These are called _______________, and are
  based on interactions between the _________.
• 3. If a bond joins different elements, the new
  substance is a __________.

molecule
chemical bonds
electrons
compound
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I. Basics of Chemistry

• C. Types of Bonds
• 1. _____________
• a. Electrons move from one atom to the other.
• b. Atoms become positively or negatively
  charged called ____.
• c. Charges attract or repel.
• d. Good for __________________.

Ionic bonds
ions
conducting electricity
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I. Basics of Chemistry

• C. Types of Bonds
• 2. _______________
• a. Electrons are shared between two atoms.
• b. Atoms must remain together
• c. Bonds are flexible
• d. Good for ________________.

Covalent bonds
large structures
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I. Basics of Chemistry

• C. Types of Bonds
• 3. _______________
• a. Hydrogen holds electrons weakly
• b. Has a slightly positive charge, attracted to
  anything negative.
• c. Creates weak bonds that help hold structures
  but can be broken easily.
• d. Examples _________________

Hydrogen bonds
DNA, hair, water
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I. Basics of Chemistry

• D. Molecules and Energy
• 1. Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms.
  Energy is required to ______________ bonds.
• 2. The amount of energy varies with the type of
  bond. Some bonds (hydrogen) are easily broken
  while others (triple covalent) are very hard.

make or break
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II. Water Chemistry

• A. ________ is the most abundant chemical in the
  body.
• B. Water has many characteristics that make it
  vital to our bodies.
• 1. _____water is a very small molecule, so it
  moves fast and can squeeze into tiny crevasses
  between other molecules.

Water
Size
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II. Water Chemistry

• B. Water has many characteristics that make it
  vital to our bodies.
• 2. _________--Hydrogen has a slightly positive
  charge while oxygen has a slightly negative
  charge. This makes it easy for water to pry
  apart other charged molecules, dissolving them.
  Called a __________________.

Polarity
Universal Solvent
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II. Water Chemistry

• B. Water has many characteristics that make it
  vital to our bodies.
• 3. _______________--Due to polarity, water forms
  a crystal structure that is less dense than
  liquid water.

Crystal structure
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II. Water Chemistry

• B. Water has many characteristics that make it
  vital to our bodies.
• 4. _____________--water absorbs and releases
  heat energy slowly, and can hold a great deal of
  heat energy. This helps organisms maintain their
  body temperature in the safe range.

Heat capacity
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II. Water Chemistry

• B. Water has many characteristics that make it
  vital to our bodies.
• 5. __________________--Polarity allows water to
  stick to itself (cohesion) and to any charged
  material (adhesion). Water can glue materials
  together.

Cohesion Adhesion
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II. Water Chemistry

• B. Water has many characteristics that make it
  vital to our bodies.
• 6. _______--Water can act as either an acid or a
  base, maintaining a stable pH in our bodies.

Buffer
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III. Macromolecules

• A. What are they?
• 1. __________________________________
• _______________________________________
• 2. Made of smaller pieces called __________ that
  can be assembled like legos to form a variety of
  structures. A large chain of monomers is called
  a _________.

Very large molecules that make most of the
structure of the body
monomers
polymer
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III. Macromolecules

• B. Carbohydrates
• 1. Monomer ____________________
• 2. Polymer _____________________
• 3. Structure______________________
• ________________________________
• 4. Uses ___________________
• 5. Examples ________________

monosaccharide (sugar)
polysaccharide (starch)
rings of carbon with
oxygen and hydrogen attached CH2O
energy, plant structure
sucrose, cellullose
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Examples of Carbohydrates
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III. Macromolecules

• C. Lipids
• 1. Monomer __________
• 2. Polymer ___________
• 3. Structure______________________
• ________________________________
• 4. Uses ________________________
• 5. Examples ____________________

fatty acid
lipid or fat
3 long chains of carbon
hydrogen on a glycerol molecule
energy, structure, warmth
fat, oil, cholesterol
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Examples of Lipids
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III. Macromolecules

• D. Protein
• 1. Monomer _______________
• 2. Polymer _____________________
• 3. Structure______________________
• ________________________________
• 4. Uses ________________________
• 5. Examples ____________________

amino acid (20)
protein or polypeptide
central carbon atom with
hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, R groups
structure, emergency energy
skin, insulin, enzymes
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Examples of Proteins
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III. Macromolecules

• E. Nucleic Acids
• 1. Monomer _______________
• 2. Polymer ___________
• 3. Structure______________________
• ________________________________
• 4. Uses ___________________
• 5. Examples _______________

nucleotide (5)
nucleic acid
5-carbon sugar attached
to nitrogen base and phosphate group
stores genetic code
DNA and RNA
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Examples of Nucleic Acids
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IV. ATP
adenosine triphosphate

• A. ATP stands for _____________________
• B. Cells use ATP as a __________________
• C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphates
• D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond between
  _____________________________
• E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy
  is released.
• F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more
  energy for another use.

rechargeable battery
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the second and third phosphates
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Examples of ATP
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V. Enzymes

• A. Special proteins that speed chemical
  reactions
• 1. Chemical reactions require a certain
  _______________ to get started.
• 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making
  reactions occur faster.

activation energy
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V. Enzymes

• B. Lock-and-Key Model
• 1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but
  each can only work on one reaction
  (________________).
• 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of
  enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can
  open exactly one _____. If you want to unlock
  another reaction, you need a different enzyme.

enzyme specificity
key
lock
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V. Enzymes
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V. Enzymes

• C. Factors which affect enzymes
• 1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins,
  change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each
  has an optimal temperature range.
• 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of
  pH. Example stomach
• 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the
  reaction faster.

Temperature
pH
Concentration
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Images used in this presentation were obtained
from

• Atom PowerPoint clipart
• Water molecule and Water attraction
  stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html
• Bohr water molecule ghs.gresham.k12.or.us
• Spoon on nose statweb.calpoly.edu
• pH scale bcn.boulder.co.us
• Glucose and Cellulose www.greenspirit.org.uk
• Sucrose encarta.msn.com

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Images, continued

• Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cis and
  trans fat, and lipid molecule
  biology.clc.uc.edu
• Generic Amino acid ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu
• Peptide bond www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk
• Nucleotide faculty.uca.edu
• DNA helix www.biologycorner.com
• ATP textbookofbacteriology.net
• Activation energy faculty.clintocc.suny.edu
• Enzyme lock-and-key www.celltech.com