Urbanization%20and%20City%20Patterns

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Urbanization and City Patterns

• Chapter 10 and 11
• (Note This covers 2 chapters.)
• (I am testing both chapters.)

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Urban Center Definitions

• Urbanization (increase in) the number and
  percentage of people living un urban settlements.
  (Urbanized Population)
• Driving factors
• Jobs
• Services
• Convenience/Proximity (distance and access to
  services)
• Primate City a large city, dominating the
  country
• Usually more than twice the next largest city
• Often, dominant economic, political and cultural
  center
• Jobs, services, convenience ? migration
• These are often megacities, and may dominate
  regions.

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Where have urban areas grown?

• 3 urban in 1800,
• now 50 and growing
• Change in extent, density, heterogeneity
• MDCs
• Ag.? Mfg.? Services,
• Urbanization is effectively completed.
• London, Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles
• LDCs
• Migration from country in search of jobs,
• Local population growth often outstrips job
  availability.
• Delhi, Jakarta, Mexico City, Mumbai (Bombay).

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Historical growth the rise of cities

• Models
• Technical (ex Thebes-Nile River, Mesopotamia)
• Irrigation make canals, surplus crops drive pop.
  growth
• Religious (ex Aztecs)
• Religious activities bring people together.
• Political (ex London)
• Trade (Silk Road cities)
• War (every city with a fort, shield wall or
  barrier Paris,)
• Multiple factors
• Technology, religion, politics, war, agriculture,
  and trade

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City Hearths

• Mesoamerica
• Aztec, Toltec Empires
• Andes
• Incan Empire
• Nile Valley
• Pharohic Dynasties
• Tigris-Euphrates Rivers
• Mesopotamia
• Huang Ho River Valley
• Han Chinese, many successive dynastic cycles
• Indus Valley

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Cities and Religion

• Many rulers used religion to maintain power.
• Belief systems shaped cities and architecture.
• Cosmomagical (Cosmological) Cities
• Sacred symbolic center, aka Axis Mundi
• Near seat of power and granary
• Forbidden City in present Beijing
• Imperial Palaces in Kyoto, Nara
• Mayan city temples
• Orientation toward the 4 cardinal directions
• City layout reflecting cosmologial form
• Sometimes architectural forms, such as solar
  observatories
• Align the world to mirror aspects of heaven or
  the universe

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City Formation

• Spontaneous
• Free time ? specialization
• Inventions ? arts and crafts, trade, storage
• Square for trade, wall for defense, temple for
  prayer, fort for powerful
• Learned traits from other city patterns
• Good ideas are copied.
• Chang-an ? Nara, Kyoto, Roman colonies, etc.
• Figure 10.7, Map, p. 283

8
Cities and globalization

• Global cities global economy control centers.
• Ex London, NY City, Tokyo
• Globalizing cities are modified by globalizing
  economies and cultures
• Ex any city not politically isolated from the
  world.
• Even Timbuktu has had some globalizing
  influences.
• The degree of globalization depends on
  accessibility and desire.

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Urban Ecology Location

• Trade
• Natural trade advantages (site and situation)
• Defense
• Natural barriers to attack (site and situation)
• Food Supply
• e.g. city states city controlled countryside
• hinterland
• Risks
• e.g. floods, quakes, hurricanes

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Defense advantages

• Site characteristics of a place
• Bluffs, rivers, islands, protected harbors,
  mesas, etc.
• Local barriers of a city.
• Situation relative location of locations
• Far from enemy, intervening marshes, mountains,
  seas, etc.
• Barriers (outside the city site) between cities
  or states
• Ex marshes and distance from Germany and Moscow

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Trade Site and situation

• Trade sites
• Route branches, portages, end of navigable
  rivers, fords, river mouths, bays, estuaries,
  etc.
• Trade situations
• Closer to other cities
• Berlin, Paris, London, Milan, etc.
• Along trade routes
• Singapore, Detroit, Venice (historical), Los
  Angeles
• Access to nearby friendly ports
• Mexico City, Beijing
• Access to resources or production regions
  (agriculture/mfg.)
• Hong Kong, New Orleans, Chicago

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Central Place Theory Threshold and Range

• Threshold minimum population required to
  survive.
• Range maximum distance people travel for a
  service.
• http//teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/APHG/U
  nit206/urbannotes_files/image002.jpg

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Central Place Theory

• All things being equal, go to closest service.
• Over time, patterns become hexagonal as
  competition increases.
• Ex Europe (night image)
• In grid patterns, start seeing grid central city
  patterns, too.
• Ex Midwest

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Globalizing City Problems

• Squatter settlements
• Insufficient income ? illegal housing, with
  poor/no services
• Informal sectors
• All cities have them, all economies have them,
  all countries have them.
• Apartheid (There is a city model for this in the
  text.)
• Isolation of undesired ethnicities in all aspects
  of life
• Central planned economy cities
• Economic inefficiencies are costly, and quality
  is lower.
• They may be as environmentally problematic as
  hyper-capitalist cities. (Central planning can
  miss local problems.)
• Hyper-capitalist cities (e.g. transition from
  communist)
• Business growth can result in illegally
  appropriated land.
• Illegal pollution is a larger problem.
• Laws may be less strictly enforced, and can be
  circumvented.
• Not limited to post-communist cities See
  Singapore.

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Chapter 11 Inside the City

• Look at this as the other half of a single topic.
• Differences between cities are also found as
  differences within cities.
• Patterns often repeat at different scales.

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Models of urban structure

• Concentric Zone Concentric rings CBD,
  transition zone, independent worker houses,
  better houses, commuter zone.
• Like VonThunens concentric ring agricultural
  model
• Sector initial land use patterns expand in
  wedges from the center. (think of this as being
  like wedges of different pizzas.)
• Multiple Nuclei Initial nuclei form around basic
  activities, and land uses are attracted to those
  nuclei of development.
• Nuclei CBD, harbor, university, airport, park,
  railroad yards, manufacturing, military bases,
  etc.
• Peripheral Model Ring cities and a ring road
  (next page)

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4. Peripheral Model

• urban area with inner city and suburbs connected
  by a ring road
• suburbs become edge cities.
• Examples
• Washington DC
• Los Angeles CA
• (Add the beltway!)

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SJ Map

• Colonial mission
• Circles
• Sectors
• Nuclei
• (Google Earth)

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Inner cities distinctive problems

• Deterioration and Blight (housing services)
• Housing ages.
• Rent lt maintenance ?skip it.
• Rent lt bills, etc ? abandon / raze / sell
• Urban renewal ( public, private, or both types
  of housing)
• Demolition of old housing dislocates people,
• High rises can provide poor environments if not
  careful.
• Renovation ( gentrification)
• Pay for renewal,
• gentrification dislocates lower classes, usually
  affecting ethnicities.

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Land use influences

• Filtering (a housing use/reuse pattern) Large
  houses subdivided, age, occupied by successive
  immigrant waves.
• Red-Lining (illegal denial of credit) drawing
  lines on a map to identify areas in which loans
  will not be given.
• Public housing units reserved for low income
  households, who pay reduced rates (e.g. 30 of
  their income) for rent.

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Underclass

• (inner city text reference, only there?)
• peoples trapped in an unending cycle of economic
  and social problems.
• Why?

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Culture of poverty

• Single Parents
• 2/3 of children by unwed mothers, 90 one parent,
  inadequate child care, deadbeat dads
• Poor Education
• Lack of motivation, less parental support, school
  drug use, etc. ? low academic success
• High Crime Rate
• drug use, gang violence over drug turf, more
  visible drug distribution than in suburbs
• Segregation
• (chain migration), separation in poor regions by
  recent immigrants, lower classes, some
  ethnicities
• Economics
• insufficient local taxation ? poorer services,
  (schools, parks, transit, refuse, libraries, etc.)

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Partial Solutions

• Renovation (ex urban renewal projects)
• Problems
• Benefits
• Annexation
• Problems
• Benefits
• (who wins, who loses?)

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Suburbs

• The Great American Dream (days gone by)
• (Alternatively, the Great Escape)
• House
• Yard
• Garage
• Shopping
• Close Satellite workplace (Services and Industry)

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Edge cities

• Peripheral residences, gas station, other
  services develop over time.
• Established shopping centers and malls,
• Then light manufacturing centers,
• Often developed around nuclei of attraction.
• These become edge cities.
• Alternate explanation
• (extension of central place theory)
• original communities grow with increasing pop.
  density.

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Density gradient

• Change in density with distance
• Once high, with CBD and nearby regions densely
  populated.
• Decay and urban blight ? suburban flight, ?
  smaller cities farther out

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Suburban Segregation

• Segregation by income
• Upper middle class housing, separated, zone no
  apartments, min. acreage (more sale profit)
• Jobs are often suburban, but the poor workforce
  is often urban. Need a transportation match for
  increased employment.

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Suburban Sprawl

• Progressive spread of development over the
  landscape. (Why?)
• Home ownership, lifestyle, Fed. auto subsidies,
• Costs
• Inefficient costly development, less farmland,
  less truck farming, patchwork development, higher
  utility costs, .
• Effects
• Increased dependence on transportation.
• If inadequate, means, then less travel.
• Lower class isolation.

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Transportation

• Loss of rail transit,
• partial recovery,
• 90 interstate automobile subsidies,
• ¼ of land ? transit and parking, congested
• Public transport
• Cheaper, less polluting, more energy efficient
  (if there are MANY commuters per bus). Separate
  rail services avoid delays of rush hour.
• Under-funded in the US compared to the EU.
• Arguably cheaper than building more roads.
• Less pollution (tie to resources in previous
  chapters.)

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Government Fragmentation

• Services in an urban area often cross multiple
  municipal boundaries,
• e.g. transit, water, e-, schools.
• Costs are higher, when handled separately, and
  confusion abounds.
• Some cities cooperate, forming combined
  governments.
• This leads to

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Inter-governmental Cooperation Approaches

• Metropolitan Governments coordination of service
  provision
• Councils of Government
• cooperative agency with local government reps,
  often used for overall planning.
• Federations
• two tiered structure, higher level control over
  taxation, assessment, and borrowing, local
  service responsibility
• Consolidations
• City and county governments work together,
  sometimes formally separate, sometimes unified.
• This cooperation also facilitates better growth
  strategies

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Smart Growth

• (Planning concept)
• Legislation and regulation with limiting
  suburban sprawl, and preserving (open space,
  e.g.) farmland
• reduce infrastructure costs,
• Encourages
• Compact development,
• Infill
• possibly greenbelts
• limits annexation / development outside the city
  limits
• (other means and outcomes)

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Questions?

• (Pause, query, wait)

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(Time permitting) Tie back to

• Population
• Migration
• Cultures
• Ethnicities
• Manufacturing
• Services
• Language
• Site and Situation

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Tie back Migration

• Urban to suburban for quality of life, usually
  middle to upper middle class.
• Near CBD If poor transportation or high costs,
  migrate closer to work, prices permitting
• Chain Migration ? ethnicity concentrations