Ocean%20and%20Atmosphere

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Ocean and Atmosphere
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Earths Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation

• Atmospheric properties
• Earths Energy Budget
• Vertical Atmospheric Circulation
• Surface Atmospheric Circulation

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Atmospheric Temperature
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Water vapor saturation pressure
How much water vapor the air can hold
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Density of Air

• Which is more dense, DRY air or HUMID air?
• Air N2 (14228)
• O2 (16232)
• Water H2O (21618)
• Light molecules displace heavier molecules

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Density of Air

• Humid air is light, and rises
• Dry air is heavy, and sinks

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Water vapor, convection, condensation
1. Adiabatic Expansion ? Cooling
2. Condensation ? Release latent heat of
vaporization
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Water Budget
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Earths Heat Sources

• Geothermal 0.1 cal/cm2/day
• Solar 2880 0.1 cal/cm2/day
• BALANCED BUDGET!
• Wavelength (µm) 2900 / T (Ko)
• SUN 2900/5600 0.5 µm (visible light)
• Earth 2900/290 10 µm (infrared)

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Suns Radiation
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Earths Heat Budget
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Earths Heat Budget
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Atmosphere reflection and absorbance
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Global Warming Increased heat absorption in the
atmosphere
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Seasonal variability in solar radiation
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Latitudinal variability in solar radiation
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Latitudinal Heat Budget
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So what are the effects of uneven heating?

• Less Dense Air
• HOT
• HUMID
• More Dense Air
• COLD
• DRY

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Atmospheric Convection in a NON-Rotating Earth

• HIGH Surface Air Pressure

• LOW Surface Air Pressure

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Low High Pressure
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But The Earth Spins!
FLASH NEWS The US attempts to stop the axis of
Evil by bombing Quito (Ecuador), using cannons
located in Buffalo (NY)!
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Bombing of Quito from Buffalo
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Bombing of Quito from Buffalo
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Bombing of Quito from Buffalo
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Earth Rotation Coriolis Effect

• Apparent deflection force due to Earths rotation
• Acts on freely moving objects
• North Hemisphere Deflection to the right
• South Hemisphere Deflection to the left
• C (2Osin(lat))v
• Vvelocity of a particle in motion
• Oconstant (angular velocity of Earth)
• So
• High v high C High latitude high C
• No Coriolis at equator, maximum at poles

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Figure 6.16
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Figure 6.17
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Atmospheric Convection Cells
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Figure 6.19
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Global atmospheric generalities

• Hadley Cells (subtropical) are quite stable
• Pressure systems
• Equator LOW (Doldrums or ITCZ- Inter Tropical
  Convergence Zone)
• 30s HIGH (Horse Latitudes)
• 60s LOW

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Figure 6.21
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Horse latitudes
Doldrums
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Global atmospheric generalities

• Hadley Cell is quite stable
• Pressure systems
• Equator LOW (Doldrums or ITCZ- Inter Tropical
  Convergence Zone)
• 30s HIGH (Horse Latitudes)
• 60s LOW
• In between Pressure systems
• WIND!!
• Trade Winds
• Westerlies (Roaring Forties, Screaming Fifties)

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Figure 6.19
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Seasonal Wind Variation
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Seasonal Wind Variation
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Monsoons (Indian Ocean)
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Precipitation / Evaporation
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Surface Ocean Salinities
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Land Ocean Temperatures
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Local Winds Sea Breeze
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Local Winds Coastal Fog
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Local Winds Mountain or Island Effect