Management of Pig Health

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Management of Pig Health

• John J. McGlone, Ph.D.
• Pork Industry Institute
• Texas Tech University

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Approaches to Ensure Pig Health

• Biosecurity keep diseases out
• In-coming breeding stock
• Wildlife (rodents, birds)
• Feeds and biologicals
• Disease Prevention
• All-in-all-out pig flow (breaks cycle)
• Sanitation -- kill pathogens
• Vaccination
• Sub-therapeutic antimicrobials
• Therapy

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Biosecurity

• Rule 1 put as much distance as possible
  between your pigs and other pigs
• Rule 2 isolate, test and acclimate in-coming
  breeding stock do not allow entry if infected
• Rule 3 Control flow of people, pigs, feed and
  equipment

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Sanitation

• The pathogen cycle
• Clean, new facility
• Pigs shed bacteria
• Room cleaned 99
• Pathogens build-up over time
• Effective sanitation (see book Table 20-1)
• Remove all organic matter
• Sanitize at a minimum (killing 99 of bacteria)

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Heard Health Program

• Veterinary-approved
• Disease surveillance
• Necropsy ill pigs
• Blood collection
• Fecal, urine, skin scrapings collections
• Slaughter check
• Liver
• Lungs
• Snout
• Intestine
• Skin
• Kidney

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Heard Health Program

• Euthanaisa
• Blunt trauma for piglets
• CO2 for piglets, too
• Penetrating captive bolt for larger pigs
• Vaccinations
• Antimicrobials

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Giving injections
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Injections
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Pig Disease Categories

• Diseases we do not want to get (that we know
  about)
• Diseases that are regulated by the US government
  with an eye towards eradication
• Other diseases to manage

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Pig diseases we do not want (by exotic disease
entry or by bioterrorism)

• Hog Cholera
• Hoof and Mouth
• African Swine Fever

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Hog Cholera

• Classic Swine Fever
• Viral single stand of RNA
• Family Togaviridae, Genus Pestivirus
• Same family as BVD
• USA eradication was from 1962-1976
• Has not been eradicated from Europe (note The
  Netherlands).

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Hog Cholera

• Infected pigs shed virus for 10-20 days
• Can be transmitted in utero
• Feeding garbage exacerbates the spread leading
  to the outlaw of this practice in many states.
• 6-day incubation period Respiratory enteric
  anorexia hunched ataxia leukopenia

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Foot (Hoof) and Mouth
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Foot (Hoof) and Mouth

• A picornavirus
• Family Picornaviridae Genus Apthovirus(Aptha,
  in Greek means vessicles in the mouth)
• RNA virus 7 serotypes
• Can infect pigs, cattle, sheep goats
• Aerosol is highly contagious

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Foot and Mouth

• Can be transmitted in semen not the fetus
• North and Central America is free South America,
  Africa Asia are infected
• 3-5 day incubation period
• Vessicles in mouth and between toes
• Sharp fever, abortion skin lesions leading to
  sluffing of tissue

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African Swine Fever
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African Swine Fever

• DNA-containing virus Family Iridovirdae
• Only pigs (including wart hogs and the like) are
  susceptible ticks may be carriers
• High fever mortality respiratory
  distressHemorragic disease
• May resemble Hog Cholera
• Little antibody formation -- no vaccine

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Vaccines?

• Foot and Mouth -- yes
• Hog Cholera -- yes
• African Swine Fever -- no
• What else is out there???

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Diseases that are regulated by the US government

• Pseudorabies
• Brucellosis
• You can be validated as free from these by state
  agencies
• Feral pigs are major carriers of these and other
  diseases

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PseudorabiesAujeszkys Disease
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PseudorabiesAujeszkys Disease

• Viral Herpesviridae of the subfamily
  alphavuirus DNA
• While pigs are the only natural host, it
  infects all farm animals and vermin
• All pigs can be infected suckling pigs are least
  affected
• Transmitted by aerosol, fluids, incl. semen

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PRV

• 2-4 day incubation period
• Nervous symptoms among younger pigs (ataxia) and
  respiratory and reproductive symptoms among older
  pigs (G-F sows)
• Mortality can be 100 among piglets
• Farrowing rate is reduced due to abortions and
  many stillbirths are observed

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PRV

• Few gross lesions respiratory GI tracts are
  affected
• Genetically-engineered vaccine allows vaccination
  titers to be distinguished from natural
  infections
• States USA quarantine the herd as a part of the
  eradication program

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Brucellosis

• Bacteria -- Brucella suis
• Infects pigs and humans (a different organism
  infects cattle -- Brucella abortus -- with only a
  little cross over)
• Nearly eradicated in the USA (TX still infected)
• Venereal disease of swine Reproductive failures,
  especially abortions

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Major Classes of Production Diseases (ones some
chose to live with)

• Respiratory
• Enteric
• Reproductive
• Parasitic
• Metabolic

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Respiratory

• PRRS
• Atrophic Rhinitis
• Mycoplasmal pneumonia
• Swine influenza
• Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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PRRS
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PRRS

• Lelystad virus
• In 1997, 68.5 of USA farms were seropositive
• Farrowing rate declines by 50
• Stillbirths preweaning mortality growing pig
  mortality increases by 300(1-3 pigs/litter born
  dead 2 to 6 mortality in each of nursery G-F)

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PRRS

• Modified live vaccine offers poor protection
• No effective treatment
• Widespread problem not solved by SEW or any
  measure other than all-in-all-out and wait or
  depopulate

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Atrophic Rhinitis
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Atrophic Rhinitis

• Caused by 2 organisms
• Bordetella bronchiseptica causes a
  non-progressive form of AR
• Progressive (severe) AR is caused by toxigenic
  Pasteurella Multocida
• When both organisms are present, the AR is
  especially symptomatic

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Atrophic Rhinitis
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Atrophic Rhinitis

• Severe turbinate atrophy, bloody crooked noses,
  followed by increased incidence of respiratory
  tract lesions and infections
• Genetic predisposition is possible
• Caustic air environments exacerbate the symptoms
• SEW may help eliminate the bugs

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Atrophic Rhinitis

• Production set-backs are the most costly
• Vaccines are available for BB PM
• Sulfamethazine is effective, but banned in some
  countries a host of partially effective
  antibiotics are available
• Suggest Depopulation

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Mycoplasmal pneumonia
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Mycoplasmal pneumonia

• Also called enzootic pneumonia
• Bacteria Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
• Nose-to-nose contact spreads the organism
• Highly prevalent in the the USA, Europe,
  Australia and most modern pig countries
• Lungs have lesions secondary infections
  performance set-backs

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Mycoplasmal pneumonia

• Several antibiotics are available all are only
  partially effective
• SEW may help prevent its spread
• Suggest Depopulate

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

• Also called Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae
• Bacteria of the name Actinobacillus
  pleuropneumoniae
• Widespread distribution
• Economic cost is associated with rapid, high
  mortality, rather than only production set-backs

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

• Brought on by stress can be acute or chronic
• Rapid fever, foamy, bloody respiratory tract
  discharge death within 36 hours tract is
  inflamed and bloody
• Rapid, high levels of certain antibiotics can be
  effective
• Suggest Clean up or depopulate

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Swine influenza

• Also called swine flu, caused by a virus
  Influenza A virus (Orthomyxoviridae family)
  Different serotypes
• Birds and other mammals may carry or become
  infected by the virus -- including humans
• Mild stress brings out symptoms

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Swine influenza
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Swine influenza

• Significant respiratory symptoms, including
  dog-barking type of coughing
• Fever is mild 1-3 day incubation period
• No specific treatment is available make sure
  water is available

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Pneumonic Pasteurellosis

• From Pasteurella multocida (gram negative
  coccobacillus)
• See Atrophic Rhinitis for more details
• Often isolated and labeled the cause of death
  following acute respiratory distress
• Many antibiotics are available

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Enteric Diseases

• TGE
• E. coli
• Swine dysentery
• Ileitis (proliferative enteropathies)
• Clostridium
• Coccidia
• Rotavirus

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TGE
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TGE

• Transmissible Gastro Enteritis
• Viral Coronavirus RNA
• Severe enteric symptoms there is a Porcine
  Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) that cross reacts
  with TGE

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TGE

• 18 h to 3 day incubation period then severe
  scours 50-100 of piglets will die fewer older
  pigs sows vomit watery to yellow scours with a
  foul odor
• Destruction of intestinal epithelium pigs
  unthrifty for life
• Feed-back of dead pigs is best
• Strikes more in winter

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E. coli

• E. coli is a common intestinal bacteria
  pathogenic E. coli is the enteric organism
• Enteric Colibacillosis many serotypes
• Gram negative, flagellated rods bacteria
  produces endotoxin
• Symptoms like TGE lower death loss and it should
  respond to antibiotics if treated early

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Swine dysentery
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Swine dysentery

• Bloody scours mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
• Bacteria Treponema hyodysenteriae 7 serotypes
  known
• Bloody scours, especially in G-F pigs
• Fever deaths if untreated
• Several antibiotics are available
• Suggest depopulation

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Ileitis (proliferative enteropathies)
Hemorrhagic
Necrotic
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Ileitis (proliferative enteropathies)

• Several diseases in this category some
  bacterial, others of unknown cause
• Campylobacter genus is involved
• Sudden deaths some times bloody scours slow
  growth
• Some antibiotics are somewhat effective

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Clostridium
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Clostridium

• Fatal necrotic enteritis
• Several bacteria, especially Clostridium
  perfringens type C (also tetanus botulism)
• Young piglets will die within 36 hours in the
  chronic form they may live 1 week
• Dehydration red feces
• Antibiotics can be effective

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Coccidia

• Obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite
• Isospora suis
• Symptoms start 7-14 days of age yellow to
  grayish diarrhea rancid odor
• Several anticoccidials to piglets (giving to sows
  not effective)
• Suggest stringent sanitation all-in-all-out

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Rotavirus

• Virus of the Reoviridae family of the genus
  Rotavirus
• Very common in nature many serotypes
• 12-24 h incubation period nursing pigs most
  affected can be high mortality or a mild scours
  weanlings may show signs
• Expose sows to give piglets immunity

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Others

• Reproductive
• Parasites
• Porcine Stress Syndrome
• Prolapse, Ulcer Hernia
• Mycotoxins
• Skin/joint problems, esp. Erysipelas
• MMA
• Behavioral problems

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Reproductive

• Brucellosis (see above)
• Leptospirosis
• Parvo Virus
• PRRS (see above)

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Leptospirosis

• Bacteria of the Leptospira gram negative rods 7
  serotypes (or more)
• Infection of mucous membranes
• Mild symptoms of anorexia, listlessness
• Major reproductive problems abortions, lower
  farrowing rates
• Vaccines are available

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Parvo Virus

• Virus of family Parvoviridae DNA
• Embryonic and fetal deaths
• Main symptom is stillborn pigs or lower numbers
  born alive
• Vaccines are available

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Parasites

• No excuse to have them
• Trichinosis
• Ascarid
• Kidney
• Mange
• Lice

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Ascarid life cycle
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Trichina
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Porcine Stress Syndrome
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Porcine Stress Syndrome

• Genetic condition caused by a mutation of a gene
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Halothane gene Hal 1873 genetic test
• Single gene carrier, mono-mutants
• Two genes di-mutant
• Test and eliminate

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Prolapse, Ulcer Hernia

• Genetic predisposition to each
• Prolapses can be rectal or vaginal
• Hernias can be inguinal or scrotal
• Multi-factorial causes
• Diet contributes to all, but not the main cause

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Prolapse, Ulcer Hernia
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Mycotoxins

• Metabolites of mold/fungal growth from the genus
  Fusarium
• Aflotoxins, Ochratoxin and citrinin,
  Trichothecenes, Zeralenone, Ergot and Fumonisins
• Reduce feed intake and several cause reproductive
  problems due to steroid activity

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MMA

• Mastitis, Metritis, Agalagtia (usually
  hypogalactia)
• Multi-factorial cause genetic predisposition
  bacterial infections constipation lack of
  exercise
• Piglets waste away and die due to malnutrition

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Skin/joint problems, esp. Erysipelas

• Erysipelas, diamond skin disease, caused by a
  bacteria Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae fever,
  followed by skin lesions, and then joint
  inflammation
• Vaccines available for Erysipelas
• Other bacteria can cause skin and/or joint
  inflammation Streptococci, Staphylococci

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Behavioral Problems

• Tail biting ear chewing
• Savaging piglets
• Naval/Urine sucking
• Not a problem-- bar biting-- phantom nest
  building-- aggression in pigs less than 100 lb

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Behavioral Problems
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PMWS and PDNS pictures
PMWS
PDNS
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The End

• Thanks to Iowa State University for swine
  disease pictures. See
• http//www.vetmed.iastate.edu/departments/vdpam/sw
  ine/diseases/byfarmarea/nurseryandfinishing/