CCTV 101

1
Infinova

• CCTV 101

2
What Is CCTV?

• What Is The Purpose Of CCTV?
• CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) is a System
  Installed For
• Deterrence
• Overtly Installed Cameras/Monitors To Deter
  Actions
• Observation
• Overtly Or Covertly Installed To Observe
  Actions
• Documentation
• Recorded To Document Observed Actions
• Basic CCTV System

 
Monitor
Cable
Camera
3
How Does it Work

• The Camera Samples the Scene, Coverts It To an
  Electrical Signal,
• and Sends It Down The Coaxial, Fiber Optic or IP
  To The Monitor.

The Monitor Electrically Charges the Front of the
Picture Tube to Re-create the Image. The Monitor
Blanks and the Process Repeats.
4
Choosing A Lens
5
Choosing A Lens

• Determine Your Field of View
• Area of Concern
• Define The Size of The Area That Needs to
  Be Viewed Utilizing CCTV Camera
• Coverage
• General Coverage (Wide Angle View) -or-
  Detail Coverage (Narrow Angle View)
• Determine Your Lens Selection Factors

Horizontal
Target Area
Camera Format
Object Distance
Vertical
6
Choosing A Lens
General Lens Selector

• Format Wide Angle
  Standard Telephoto
• HFOV (2x Object Distance)
  ( Object Distance) (1/2x Object
  Distance)
• 2.0mm 3mm 6mm
• 1/3" 2.8mm
  4mm
  8mm
• 1/2" 3.7mm
  6mm
  12mm

1
/4
Field of View Camera Viewing Doorway At 10'
Distance
2.8 MM (20 Ft. Wide) 4MM (10
Ft. Wide) 8MM (5 Ft. Wide)
7
Choosing A Lens
Lens Field of View Calculator

• Select Camera Format (1/4 1/3",1/2")
• Align Format With Object Distance
• Align V Or H (Vertical Or Horizontal)
• On Clear Slider With Desired Viewing Area
• at this Selected Distance
• Read The Required Lens Focal Length (F)

H
V
Focal Length
F
Object Distance
Format
This Process Can Be Reversed To Determined What
View Pre-selected Lens Would Give From A
Specific Object Distance.
8
Choosing A Lens
View Finder Lens Gauge
Focal Length and Imager Selection

• Look Through View Finder, Selected Desired
  Viewing Area Note Lens Focal Length Requirement
  Based On View Selected.

9
Camera and Lens Compatibility

• Lens Mounting Types
• Lens are Available In Two Mounting Styles C And
  Cs
• C-Mount Lens Mount 5mm Deeper Than CS-Mount
  Lenses.
• C-Mount
  CS-Mount
• The Rules of Lens Mounting

C/CS Spacer
C/CS Adjustment
CS-Mount Lens on C Mount
Lens C-mount Lens
Never! CS-Mount Camera on Camera
With on CS-mount
C-mount Lens
Adjustable C/Cs Camera
Using Directly On
Mount
CS/C Adaptor CS-mount Camera
10
Camera and Lens Compatibility

• Lenses and Imager Format

Lenses Are Made For Specific Camera Imager
Formats (Chip Sizes). A Lens Format Equal To To
The Camera Format Is Best. (Example. 1/3" Lens
With 1/3" Camera) A Lens Format Greater ThanThe
Camera Format Is Good. (Example 1/2" Lens
With 1/3" Camera)
A Lens Format Smaller Than The Camera Format Is
Not Acceptable!
Image Cropping (Tunnel Vision)
11
Lens Iris Types

• The Lens Iris (Aperture) Is An Adjustable Opening
  Which Regulates
• The Amount Of Light Passing Through The Lens.
• The Main Types Are
• No Iris - Lenses With No Iris
  Adjustment. Suitable For Indoor
• Cameras In Steady Light Conditions And
  Electronic Shutter (Electronic Iris).
• Mostly Used on Pinhole Board Level Cameras
• Manual Iris - Lenses With Manually Adjustable
  Iris. Suitable For Indoor
• Camera Applications With Steady Light
  Conditions.
• Auto Iris - Lenses With Automatically
  Controlled Iris Responding to
• Changing Light Conditions. Suitable for Indoor
  or Outdoor
• Camera Applications. This is the Most Common
  Lens Due to its Scene Lighting Adaptability

12
Auto Iris Lenses

• There Are Two Types Of Auto Iris Video and DC
• Video Type Auto Iris Lenses
• Video Type Lenses Sample the Video Signal Coming
  From the Camera and Adjust the Iris Aperture
  Accordingly. Video Lenses Have Fine Tuning
  Adjustments on Them for Iris Opening Control
  (Level) And Reaction Speed (ALC).
• Level (Iris Opening Control)
• Picture Is Dark. Adj. Clockwise To High (H).
  
• Picture Is Bright, Adj. Counter-clockwise To
  Low (L).
• ALC (Iris Reaction Speed)
• Contrast Is High, Adj. Clockwise To Average
  (A)
• Contrast Is Low, Adj. Counter-clockwise To
  Peak (P) To Camera
• DC Auto Iris Lenses
• DC Type Auto Iris Lenses Are Controlled Directly
  By A Circuit Within The Camera. Any Fine Tuning
  Of The Lens (If Applicable) Is Done At The
  Camera. This Has Become The Most Common Lens Type
• No External Controls All
  Iris Functions
• Controlled By Camera

To Camera
To Camera
13
F-Stop

• F-stop is the Comparative Rating For Lens Iris
  Opening To Compare How Much
• Available Scene Lighting is Passed Through the
  Lens and Iris to the Camera Imager.
• The Lower The F-stop, the More Light A Lens Will
  Pass.
• The Higher The F-stop, the Less Light A Lens Will
  Pass.
• Lens Passes More Light
• (Less Scene Light Or Less Sensitive Camera
  Required)
• F/0.7 F/1.0 F/1.4 F/2.0
  F/2.8
• Lens Passes Less Light
• (More Scene Light Or More Sensitive Camera
  Required)
• Each Increase In F-stop Reduces Light Available
  to Camera Imager Incrementally

14
Special Application Lenses

• Varifocal
• Lens With Manually Variable Focal Length,
  Adjustable With A Short Range. (Typically 3.5 To
  8mm, 6 To 12mm, 9 to 22mm and 5 to 50mm)
• Zoom Lens
• Lens With Adjustable Focal Length, Manual Or
  Motorized (Remote Control) Wider Range Than
  Varifocal Lens (Example 6-36mm, 6-60mm, 8-48mm,
  8-80mm, 10-100mm )
• Pinhole Lens
• Lens With Very Small Opening On Front To Allow
  Viewing Through Small
• Hole (1/8" Or Less). Allows Camera And Lens To
  Be Concealed. For Covert and Discreet
  Applications
• Aspherical Lens
• Specially Manufactured Lens That Has An Very Low
  F-stop. (Typically F/1.0 Or Less)

15
Monitors
16
Monitors

• What Size Monitor?
• Getting The Most From Your Monitor
•  Proper Location
• Place Monitor In A Cool Dry, Well Ventilated
  Area.
• If It's In A Rack, Make Sure It Has A Cooling
  Fan To Circulate The Air.
•  
• Proper Set Up
• Turn Contrast And Brightness All The Way Down.
• First, Slowly Turn Up The Contrast Until Picture
  Highlights Are Visible. Second, Slowly Turn Up
  The Brightness Until A Good Picture Is Visible.
  Instruct The Customer Not To Make Any Adjustments
  To The Monitor.
• Proper Termination
• If Your Video Signal Ends at the Monitor, Put
  the 75 Ohm/HI-Z in the 75 Ohm Position. This
  Stops the Signal at the Monitor. If the Signal is
  Being Passed on to Another Device Put the Switch
  in the HI-Z Position.
• Monitor Burn In
• If the CRT Monitor is Constantly
  Displaying the Same Image or Scene Eventually The
  Internal Interlace
• Coating will Burn

Select Monitor Size By Distance Minus 4 Rule
(Monitor Size Viewing Distance) From Monitor
(Feet) Times 4 4 Equals Monitor Size Required
in Inches)  
17
Cable

• Coax Construction and Function
• Center Primary Means Of Carrying Video
  Signal.
• Must Be Solid Copper Or Copper Clad Steel.
• Dielectric Insulating Material
• Spaces Center Conductor Evenly From Shield.
• Determines Operating Characteristics Of
  Cable.
•  
• Shield Ground Between Camera And Monitor.
• Shields Video Signal From Outside
  Interference.
• Must Be Copper With Coverage Of 95 Or More.

18
Cable Length

• Extending Your Cable Run With A Video Amplifier
• Coax Maximum Length Maximum Length with
  Amplifier
• RG59 500 Feet 3,000 Feet
• RG6 1,000 Feet 4,500 Feet
• RG11 1,500 Feet 6,000 Feet
• Camera Power Cable (Twisted Pair)18 AWG 500
  Feet16 AWG 750 Feet14 AWG 1,000 Feet

Video Amp
19
Things Avoid When Routing Cable

• Too Many Splices Max. 5 Splices From Camera To
  Last Monitoring Point
• Without Amp. Camera And Monitor Count As First
  Splice.
• Staples And Hot Pipes Exposed Or Shorted Copper
  Braids Can Cause
• Impedance Problems And Ground Faults.
• AC, Phone, And Computer Lines Induce Noise Onto
  Video Signal
• RF Sources, Florescent Lamps, Motors Induce Noise
  Onto Video Signal
• Excessive Pulling And Flexing Intermittent Break
  In Center Conductor
• Outdoor Cable Runs Use Outdoor Rated Cable.
  Indoor Cable Absorbs Watt
• Moisture And Changes Electrical Properties.
• 3/100/100 Rule
• When Parallel To Other Cables Carrying Phone,
  Power. or Data Keep the Coax
• Coax 3 Feet From These Cable For Every 100 Feet
  They Run Parallel for
• Every 100 Volts they Carry.

20
Digital Control Systems

• When Mounting A Camera With A Pan/Tilt And Zoom
  Lens More Than 200 Feet From The Control
  Equipment A Digital Control System May Be
  Required. Digital Controls Transmit Pan/Tilt and
  Zoom Controls Signals Over Coax (Same One Used
  For Video) Or Over Separate Twisted Pair Wire.
  Signals Are Decoded By Receiver at the Pan/Tilt
  And Zoom.

PTZ
Receiver
Coax or Twisted Pair
Digital PTZ Control
Local 110V Power
21
Multiple Control Sites, Multiple PTZ Sites

• Some Digital Control Systems Allow Control Of A
  PTZ From Multiple Sites.
• Some Control Systems Allow Control Of Multiple
  PTZ From One Site.

PTZ
Control Site 1
Receiver
Control Site 2
Local 110V Power
PTZ
Control Site 1
Receiver
Selector
Local 110V Power
PTZ
Receiver
Local 110V Power
22
Housings And Domes

• Purpose of Housings and Domes
• Protection For The Camera From The Environment,
  Tampering, or Damage
• Concealment For Covert Observation
• Considerations For Housings
• Where Will It Mount? (Wall, Pole. Roof,
  Ceiling. Corner)
• Is There Enough Space Inside For The Camera
  And Lens?
• For Outside Housings, Also Consider
• Protection From The Environment and/or Damage?
• Heater And Blower and/or Sunshield?
• (Use Separate Power Source For Heater Blower To
  Prevent Transients For Blower Motor From
  Affecting Camera Picture Quality!)
• Can Pan/Tilt Or Scanner Handle The Weight Of The
  Housing And Camera?
• What About Wind Resistance? (This Can Add 20
  More Weight Burden)

23
Considerations For Domes

• Will Pan/Tilt and/or Camera And Lens Fit Into The
  Dome?
• Sufficient Light Available To Allow A Light Loss
  of 1 F-Stop By A Tinted Dome?
• Sufficient Light Available To Allow A Light Loss
  of 2 F-Stops By A Mirrored Dome?
• Housing/Dome Location Considerations

Rooftop
Under Overhang
Enough Clearance to Open Housing From The Top
Mounting Straps/Adaptor To Mount To Pole? Power
For Camera. Heater/Blower. Receiver Available?
Permission From Owner Of Pole To Mount To It?
(Utility)
Parapet Mount (Allows Mount to Swung Around For
Access)
24
What's Wrong With This Picture?

• Bright Spot Smears on the Monitor
• Cameras Are Designed to View Light Reflected From
  The Scene Being
• Viewed. When You Have A Bright Light Source In
  The Picture It May
• Produce A Bright White Spot With A Vertical Line
  Through It.
• This Is A Problem Especially At Night.
•  
• Solution Reposition Camera To Avoid Bright Light
  Source In Scene.
•  
•  
• Bright Background, Dark Foreground
• A Camera In A Darker Area Viewing Into A Brighter
  Area The Iris To
• Close Or The Imager To Reduce Gain. This Causes
  The Unlit
• Area To Appear Darker.
• Solution Reposition The Camera To Avoid Bright
  Background, Illuminate Foreground To Even Scene
  Lighting, or Use Camera With Backlight
  Compensation.

25
What's Wrong With This Picture?

• Picture Rolls When Switcher Changes
• The Cameras and Switcher Get Synchronization to
  Generate Frames
• From The AC Power They Use. If The Cameras and
  Switcher Power
• Supplies Are Out Of Phase They Do Not Coordinate
  Frame Creation
• and Change. This Can Result In Frame Creation By
  The Camera
• Occurring During Frame Changing By The Switcher.
•  
• Solution Power Cameras And Switcher From Same
  Phase
• Power Supply. If Problem Persists, Reverse Leads
  On Camera.
•  
• Picture Is Snowy Or Snowy Bars Roll On Screen
• The Coax Cable Is Picking Up E.M. Or R.F.
  Interference.
• This Problem Is Very Prevalent When Using Cheap
  Cable.
• Solution Re-route Cables Away From Problem Areas
• And Use Only Good Quality Cable.

26
What's Wrong With This Picture?

• Monitor Has "Ghosts"
• When A Monitor Is Not Properly Terminated The
  Video Signal Reflects Back
• On Itself Resulting In Secondary Images Called
  "Ghosts." Unless You Are
• Passing The Video Signal On To Another Product
  The Signal Needs To
• Be Terminated. This Also Occurs When "T-tapping"
  Video Signals.
•  
• Solution Make Sure "75 Ohm/Hi-z" Switch Is In
  "75 Ohm" Position Unless Passing Video Signal
  On To Another Device. Loop Video Signal
• Through Devices Instead Of 'T-tapping" Coax
  Cable.
•  
• Picture Tears Horizontally Or Snowy Bars Roll
• The System Is Suffering From A Ground Loop(s). A
  Ground Loop Is
• Caused When The Camera And Monitor Are Powered
  From Different
• Sources With Different Ground Potentials. If A
  Path For Current Flow
• (Other Than The Coax) Exists Ground Loops Are
  Possible. A Difference
• Of A Few Millivolts Can Cause A Ground Loop.
  Ground Loops Are Not
• Predictable And May Appear And Disappear After
  The System
• Has Been Installed. Ground Loops Become More
  Prevalent When It Rains.
•  
• Solution Power All Cameras, Monitors. And
  Peripherals From The

27
What's Wrong With This Picture?

• Great Picture During Day, Out Of Focus At Night
• The Lens Has A Small Depth Of Field. When A Lens
  Is Focused During The Daytime With Plenty Of
  Light Reflecting From Many Directions The Focus
  Adjustment Is Very Forgiving. At Night, When
  There Is A Lot Less Light Reflecting From Fewer
  Directions The Lens Focus Is Less Forgiving.
•  
• Solution Set Up Camera Focus Simulating
  Nighttime Conditions. Cover Front Of Lens With
  Neutral Density 3 Or Darker Filter Or Cover
  With 5 Welding Goggles. If Problem Persist,
  Return To Camera Sight During Night Hours And
  Adjust Camera Focus.
• No Picture At The Monitor
• An Open Or A Short In The Cable Is The Most
  Common Cause. Breaks In The Center Conductor Are
  Usually Caused By Excessive Pulling Or Bending
  Shorts Are Usually Caused By Improper Connector
  Installation.
•  
• Solution Meter Cable For Shorts And Opens With
  Connectors Installed and Removed From Both Ends
  Of The Cable. Replace If Required

28
What's Wrong With This Picture?

• Picture Appears Dark With Auto Iris Lens On
  Camera
• This A Symptom Of A Number Of Possible Problems.
  Some Things To Check
• 1) Is The Connector Wired Properly?
• 2) Is The Camera Auto Iris Drive Compatible With
  The Lens Auto Iris Drive?
• 3) Are The Camera And Lens Formats Compatible?
• 4) For Video Type Lenses, Was The Level (Main
  Iris Control) Adjusted?
•  
• Solution 1) Double Check Connector Pin Out And
  Solder Connection
• 2) Make Sure That The Proper Auto Iris
  Drive (Video or DC) Is Being Used With The Proper
  Camera. Some Cameras Will Drive Both Video And
  DC Lenses, But Have A "Video/DC" Switch On
  Them Or Alternate Wiring Configurations For
  Different Lenses.
• 3) Make Sure The Lens Format Is Equal
  To Or Larger Than The Camera Format.
• 4) Adjusting The "Level" Adjustment On
  A Video Type Auto Iris Lens Towards "High" Will
  Open The Iris, Towards "Low will Close
  It

29
Special Application Lenses

• Varifocal
• Lens With Manually Variable Focal Length,
  Adjustable With A Short Range.
• (Typically 3.5 To 8mm, 6 To 12mm)
• Zoom Lens
• Lens With Adjustable Focal Length, Manual Or
  Motorized (Remote Control)
• Wider Range Than Varifocal Lens (Example 6-36mm.
  6-60mm, 8-48mm, 8-80mm)
•  
• Pinhole Lens
• Lens With Very Small Opening On Front To Allow
  Viewing Through Small Hole (1/8" Or Less). Allows
  Camera And Lens To Be Concealed.
•  
• Aspherical Lens
• Specially Manufactured Lens That Has An Very Low
  F-stop. (Typically F/1.0 Or Less)

30
Video Multiplexing

• What Is Video Multiplexing?
• Video Multiplexing Is The Ability To Record and /
  or Display Multiple Cameras At The Same Time.
• Tri-Plexing The Ability to Record, Display
  Playback Simultaneously
•  
• The Roots Of Video Multiplexing
• Sequential Switcher
• Accepts Multiple Video Inputs And Sequences Them
  On Single Video Output.
•  
• Cameras
• Switcher Monitor
•  
• Advantage
• Full Frame (1 Camera At A Time) Recording Of All
  Cameras.
•  
• Disadvantage
• Loss Of Viewing/Recording Of A Camera While
  Viewing/Recording Other Cameras On The Switcher.
•  

31
Video Multiplexing

• Quad
• Accepts 4 Video Inputs. Digitally Compresses Each
  Signal, And Combines Them Into A Single Signal
  For Simultaneous Display.
•  
• Cameras
•  
•  
• AdvantagesView/Record All Cameras All The Time.
  
•   Ability To "Zoom" Any Camera Full Screen
  On Playback. (Some Models)
•  
• Disadvantages
• Resolution (Picture Quality) Is Lost Due To
  Digitization Process. (Up To 75, Affecting
  Viewing And Recording)
•  
• Zoom On Playback Is Strictly Playing Single
  Picture Full Screen.
• (Enlarging Digitally Compressed Picture, No
  Resolution Regained)

• 2
• 3 4

Quad
32
DVR
33
DVR

• The DVR SYSTEMS, Digital Video Recorder (DVR) is
  a high-quality digital recorder that is made to
  improve efficient crime prevention, disaster
  measures and security management.
• The DVR makes it possible to record continuously
  without TAPE, instant capture, multiplexed
  recording with high resolution and searching.
• The DVR also supports Matrix Switcher using LAN
  that is essential for large scale projects.
• The DVR offers to transmit the video images to
  main system and remote control through WAN, PSTM,
  ISDN AND TCP/IP.

34
Physical description
Front Panel View (16 channel DVR)
Rear Panel View (16 channel DVR Looping version
with 2 Audio input)
35
Physical Description

• Max 16 video in
• Max 16 audio in (Audio model)
• Max 16 looping video out and 2 audio in (Looping
  model)
• 1 video out (BNC)
• 1 VGA video out
• 1 audio out (speakers)
• 1 line in (for voice talk)
• 1 10/100M Ethernet
• 4 IDE, support max 8 hard disks
• MAX 16 alarm in / 4 relay out
• 2 RS-485 for keyboard, 1 RS-485 for PTZ control
• 1 RS-232
• 1 USB (CD-RW, Hard drive, USB Disk)

36
Features

• Operating System
• Embedded real-time multitask operating system
  (RTOS) VxWorks, burned on a flash memory which
  make the system more stable, faster and reliable
  with no reboot time.
• Compression functions
• 30 fps/NTSC or 25 fps/PAL per each channel
• Each channel can be compressed independently
  (fps, the variable bit rate or the CIF resolution
  up to 4 CIF).
• Audio baud rate is 16 kbps (voice quality)
• The mixed Audio and video generate the complex
  but efficent H.264 stream.

37
Features
Notes For V3010/16, any Channel can be set as
4CIF resolution, with the Limitations of 10CIF
for every 4 channel. Each CPU and process MAX 10
CIF in total. If using 4CIF resolution, please
set the bit rate as 1.5Mbps or above in order to
get excellent images.

• Storage Features
• Can install 8 HDD and each HDD supports
  500Gbytes so in total 4 TB.
• Support FAT32 file system.
• Support network access storage (NAS).
• Support USB flash disk, USB hard disk, USB CDRW
  for backup.
• Support hard disk sleep mode.

38
Features

• Alarms
• The Alarm Can Trigger Recording.
• Supports 6 Recording Modes
• Schedule Mode, Alarm Mode, Motion Detection,
• Motion Detection Alarm, Motion Detection
  Alarm And Manual.
• Support Set-up Of Alarm Related With PTZ Preset.
• It Can Transfer The Alarm To A Relay Out.

• Note
• PAL
• 4CIF(704576),DCIF(528384),
  2CIF(704288),CIF(352288),QCIF(176144).
• NTSC
• 4CIF(704480),DCIF(528320),
  2CIF(704240),CIF(352240),QCIF(176120).

39
Features
Network Functions

• Full control over the DVR from the remote client
  software (PTZ, running state, DVR parameters,
  RS232, RS485 )
• Streams can be recorded in a remote host PC.
• Files in DVR can be downloaded to or remotely
  played in a remote host PC.
• Support remote upgrading via the network.
• Support voice talk between host in surveillance
  area (back end) and Net DVR (front end)
• Support TCP/IP

40
Features

• Others
• Support many Industry PTZ protocol.
• Support multi-zone motion detection.
• Support position configurable OSD.
• Support watermark technology.
• Support Privacy masking.
• Search function by (trigger, time, channel
  number)
• Support local file Playback and time playback,
  support play fast, play slow, pause, play frame
  one by one, etc.
• Support RS-485 interface keyboard.
• Multi-level user priority.

41
Application
42
Digital Video Recording Incorporates Multiplexing

• The Best Of Both Worlds
• Video Multiplexing is built into the DVR and
  Combines The Best Features Of
• The Switcher (Full Frame. Full Resolution
  Recording)
• The Quad (Multi-screen Display)
• Multiplex Recording
• DVRs allow the ability to Record, Playback and
  View Simultaneously

Video In
DVR
Cameras (up to 16) In
Video Out
43
Multiplex Display

• When A Camera image is Recorded , Its Camera
  Number Is Logged With
• The Frame Of Video.
•  
• This Allows Individual Cameras (Or Multiple
  Cameras) To Be Recalled From
• The Tape On Playback And Displayed On The
  Monitor.

• Single Quad
  16 Way
  82way

44
Multiplexer Special Options

• Activity Detection Senses Changes In Picture From
  Frame To Frame. Feature Is Typically Selectable
  By Camera, And Sensitive Areas Are Selectable.
• Interleaving Inserting "Priority" Camera At
  Higher Interval in Recording Process To Record
  More Video From That Camera.
•  
• Interleaving Is Typically Caused By Activity
  Detection Alarm Signals or External Alarm
  Contact Closures.

Activity Detection Zones
No Alarm
Alarm!!
1 3 2 3 3 4 3 5
3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9
Camera 3 Interleaving into recording
45
Spot Monitor

• Activated Manually, or Automatically by
• Activity Detection or Alarm Input.

Alarm Input
Main Monitor
DVR
Spot Monitor
46
Why Color?

• True Color Reproduction
• True Color Versus Shades Of Gray

Red Car
Green Car
Blue Car
Red Car
Green Car
Blue Car
47
Why Color?

• Accurate Subject Identification
• True Color Versus Shades Of Gray
• Synthetic Fabrics Reflect More Heat (Infrared)
  Than Natural Fabrics.
• On A BW Camera, Synthetic Fabrics Will Appear
  Lighter Cotton Shirt (Reflect More Light) Than
  Natural Fabrics.

Cotton Shirt
Polyester Shirt
48
Why Color?

• Increased Attention Span over BW
• Average Person Has Four (4) Time The Attention
  Span When Watching Color
•  
•  
• Superior Performance For A Modest Increase In
  Price
• Technology Has Narrowed The Pricing Gap Between
  Color and BW
•  
•  "Is There A Drawback To Color?"
• Color Cameras Require More Light To Give A Color
  Correct Picture. Be Sure Your Have Sufficient
  Scene Light (Especially Outdoors!)

49
Audio Surveillance

• Why Audio Surveillance?
• Additional Documentation of an Event (Audio
  Video)
• Where Do I Put The Microphone? As Close A
  Possible To The Action.
• The Microphone Is Typically Omni Directional.
• It Should Be Mounted as Close as Possible To The
  Action,
• and as Far Away From Other Noise Sources As
  Possible.
• The Recording of Audio is Not Permitted in Many
  States Due to the Right to Privacy Laws.
• Please Consult Counsel for Each Audio Application
•  

18/2 Shielded Cable
Microphone
Amplifier / Speaker
DVR
15 Range
Cooler With Compressor Running
50
Text Inserters or Point of Sale (POS)

• Text Inserters Take Information Keyed Into A Cash
  Register or Computer
• and Overlay Onto Video From A Camera Viewing The
  Area Of The Transaction.
•  
• Why Use A Text Inserter?
• To Document A Transactions Video (Items Being
  Sold And Who They Are Sold To) With The Text
• Information From The Transaction.
•  
•  
•  
• Common Theft Practices Catchable By A Text
  Inserter
• Sweetheart Selling
• Ringing Up Expensive Items At A Lower Price
•  
• No Sales
• "No Sale" Key Is Punched During Transaction.
  Clerk Pockets Cash Because The Transaction Does
  Not Show Up On The Register

Electronic Cash Register
Gas 10.00 Soda 0.80 Beer 3.50 Chips 0.99 Tax
0.59
Information Being Entered on Register
Coax (from Camera)
Text Transfer
51
Video Transmission
(It's Not Just Coax Anymore!)

• Twisted Pair
• Video And Control Signals Can Be Sent Over
  Twisted Pair Phone Cable.
•  
• Advantages
• Long Distance (Up To 2 Miles)
• Use Existing Wiring (1 Pair 24awg Phone Wire)
• Some Systems Will Allow Reverse Control Signals
  (PTZ)
• Applications
• Where Pulling Cable Is Not Practical, And Unused
• Twisted Pair Phone Wire Is Available.
• Disadvantages
• Additional Interface Equipment (Transmitter
  Receiver) Required To Operate System.

Transmitter
Receiver
Twisted Pair Cable
Coax
Coax
52
Wireless
Video And Control Signal Can Be Sent Via RF
(Radio Frequency).

• Advantages
• Long Distance (Up To 10 Miles)
• Wireless Control (Reverse Link Transmitter)
•  
• Applications
• Where Pulling Cable Is Not Practical, And No
  Other Cable Is Available To Handle Signal.
•  
• Disadvantages
• Line Of Sight (No Obstructions!)
• Adversely Affected by Weather (Rain/Fog)
• High Power Systems Require A FCC Site License

Coax
Coax
Transmitter
Receiver
Clear Line of Sight
53
Telephone
Video And Control Over Telephone Network

• Advantages
• Dial Up Surveillance" (Automatic Or Manual)
• Works Over Standard Dial Up Phone Lines Control
  And Audio Option (Some Units)
•  
• Applications
• Remote Site Surveillance (Continuous Or On
  Demand) Video Verification Of Alarm Events
• Remote Business Management
•  
• Disadvantage
• Not "Real Time" Video (30 Frames/Second)
• Refresh Rates Dependant Upon Equipment Used,
  Resolution Quality Desired,
• And Type Of Phone Line (Standard Or High Speed)

Telephone Network
Coax
Coax
54
Fiber Optics

• What Is Fiber Optics?
• Fiber Optics Is Converting Electronic Signals To
  Pulsed Light Signals, Sending These Light Signals
• Over A Fine Strand Of Glass, Receiving The Light
  Signals At The Other End And Converting The Back
  To Electronic.
•  
•  
• Optical Fiber Construction
•  

Transmitter
Receiver
Fiber Optic Cable
Coax
Coax
Light Bouncing Down Fiber Optic Cable
Mirrored Inner Surface
Core - Transmits Light Signal Cladding- Keeps
Light Within Core Mirrored Inner Surface Buffer-
Protects Cladding from Damage
Fiber Size is Measured in Microns µ
62.5 µ
1000µ 1mm
125 µ
Fiber Optic Cable Construction
Optical Cable - Core/Cladding/Buffer Kevlar
Strength Members Outer Jacket
55
Types Of Fiber Optic Cables

•  Loose Tube
• (Outdoor Use)
•  
•  
• Gel Protects Cable From Moisture And Damage
•  
• Tight Buffer
• (Indoor Use)
• Secondary Buffer Protects Fiber From Damage
•  

Fiber Optic cable Gel
Fiber Optic cable Secondary Buffer
56
IP Local and Remote
57
Fiber Optic Advantages

• Long Distance
• Basic Systems Up To 10,000 Feet. High Power
  Systems Up To 30 Miles
•  
• RFI/EMI Immunity
• No Metal To Carry Or Induct Current
•  
• Cable Tray Flexibility
• Can Be Run In Same Tray As High Voltage
  (Permissible Per N.E.C)
•  
• Lightning Resistant
• Glass Is A Very Poor Conductor
•  
• Bandwidth
• Can Carry Significantly More Information Than
  Copper Cable
• (Video, Control, Audio, And Multiple Cameras
  Over A Single Cable)
•  
• Physical
• Smaller And Lighter Than Copper Cable
•  

58
Control Systems

• Hardwire
• Direct Connection To Pan/Tilt/Zoom With
  Individual Cables.
•  
•  
•  
•  
• Disadvantages
• Multiple Cables Required (Typically 6-8c For Pit,
  4-6c For Zoom) Limited Distance (Typically 200
  Feet Outdoor, 400 Feet Indoor) Heavy Gauge Wire
  Required For Pan/Tilt (16awg For 200 Feet
  Outdoor) Single Control Site Only
•  
• Coax Control
• Control Over Same Coax Used For Video Signal.
•  
•  
• Advantages
• Longer Distances (500 Feet On Rg59. 3000 Feet
  With An Amplifier) Control Signals Travel Over
  Same Coax Cable As Video (No Extra Wiring)
  Multiple Control Sites For Single Pan/Tilt/Zoom
  Multiple Pan/Tilt/Zooms Controlled From Single
  Control
•  
• Twisted Pair
• Control Signal Over Single Twisted Pair Cable.

59
Matrix Switching Systems
60
Matrix Switching Systems

• What Is A Matrix Switcher?
• A Matrix Switcher Is A Switcher That Allows Any
  Camera Input To
• Be Switched To Any Monitor Output.
•  
•  
•  

Monitors
PTZ Cameras
Fixed Cameras

Matrix Control Keyboards
61
Matrix Switches Why
When There Is No Matrix Switcher
62
Matrix Switches Why

• When There is a Matrix Switcher

63
Matrix Switching Systems

• Common Matrix Switcher Features
•  
• Multiple Users
• Than One Person At A Time Can Control Matrix
  Features Via Keyboard Connection
• To The Matrix Controller.
•  
• Pan/Tilt/Zoom Control
• Using Coax Or Twisted Pair Control Systems,
  Multiple Pan/Tilt/Zooms Can Be Controlled From
  Multiple Keyboard Locations.
•  
• System Partitioning
• Limits Access To Cameras/Monitors Based Security
  Code Level.
•  
• Preposition/Presets
• Causes P/T/Z Camera To Position To Pre-selected
  View When Selected By Keyboard Or Alarm Input.
•  
• Guard Tours/Salvo Switching
• Preprogrammed Sequence Of Cameras To Be Viewed On
  Specific Monitor(s). Accessed By Alarm Input,
  Keyboard Command, Or Timer Function.
•  
• PC Interface

64
Video Motion Detection

• What Is Video Motion Detection?
• Video Motion Detectors Analyze Video Signals
  Generated By A CCTV Camera For Changes In
  Brightness and/or Contrast In Specific Areas In
  The Camera Field Of View.
• Advantage of Video Motion Detection (Over
  Conventional Motion Detection)
• Ability To Assign Sensitive Areas Within Camera
  View
• Ability To Visually Link Alarm Cause To Alarm
  Event
• Ability To Select Multiple Alarm Criteria
  (Sensitivity, Size, Speed, Direction)

Video Motion Detector
Sensitive Zones
Relay Outputs (to VCR, Sounds)
DVR
65
Video Analytics Features

• Video Analytics are not effected by Pixel Change
  i.e. shadows, clouds or extraneous motion.
• Directional Analytics
• Alarms Are Caused By Motion In One Direction. But
  Not Another.
• Trace Mode Museum Mode
• Motion Is Highlighted After Stationary Object
  Is Monitored
• Occurrence To Indicate Direction. For Removal
  From The Scene.

Left to Right -- No Alarm --
Right to Left -- Alarm --
-- No Alarm --
-- Alarm --
66
Infrared Illuminators

• What Is An Infrared Illuminator?
• An Infrared Illuminator Is A Light Source (Bulb
  Or Led's) That Emits Light At A Frequency
  Invisible To Humans, But Viewable By A Bw Cctv
  Camera
• Applications For Infrared Illuminators
• Nighttime Surveillance (See In The Dark)
• Covert Surveillance (Illuminate An Area Unknown
  To The Subject)
• Visible Light Restrictions (Where "Light
  Pollution" Ordinances Are In Place)
• Selection Considerations
• Infrared Light Frequency Required? (Infrared
  Sensitivity Of The Camera Being Used?)
• Lamp Wattage Required? (Typically, Allow 1 Watt
  Per Foot)
• Pattern Required? (Wide Angle Cover Or Narrow
  Coverage)
•  
• Illuminator Mounting

On Top On Camera
Next to Camera
Never in View of Camera