The Congress of Vienna

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The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 June
9, 1815)
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Coin Commemorating the Opening of the Congress of
Vienna
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Main Objectives

• Its job was to undo everything that Napoléon had
  done
• Reduce France to its old boundaries ? her
  frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.
• Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible
  that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic
  era.
• Supported the resolution There is always an
  alternative to conflict.

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The Congress of Vienna

• Negotiators
• Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain
• Czar Alexander I of Russia
• Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria
• Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France

• Metternich
• Distrusted democracy and political change
• Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the
  balance of power

• Goals for Other Decision Makers
• Make sure France could not rise again to such
  power
• Put down revolution wherever it might appear
• Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleons
  rule

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Key Players at Vienna
British Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)
Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)
The HostPrince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand
(Fr.)
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Congress of Vienna(1814-1815)

• European monarchs sought to turn back the clock
  to 1789 and restore Europes Old Regime
• Members included the Big Four and France
• Austria Prince Metternich
• England Duke of Wellington and Lord Castlereagh
• France Talleyrand
• Prussia Frederick William III, Hardenberg, and
  Humboldt
• Russia Tsar Alexander I

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Key Figures of the Congress of Vienna

• Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria
• Served as host and presided over the Congress
• Wanted to restore Europe to what it was before
  the French Revolution

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Metternich (1773-1859)

• Opposed democracy and nationalism
• Proposed principles of compensation and
  legitimacy

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Key Figures Continued

• Czar Alexander I of Russia
• Played a prominent role in the European Coalition
  to defeat Napoleon
• Instituted the Holy Alliance

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Key Figures Continued

• Lord Robert Castlereagh of Great Britain
• Secretary of State for the War and Colonial
  Department
• He helped to plan the British campaigns against
  Napoleon
• Played a large role in organizing the Coalition
  against Napoleon
• Resisted Russian attempts to draw Britain into an
  European League

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Even France was representedby the Marquis de
Talleyranda man who had survived the revolution
of 1789, was Napoleons foreign minister, and now
he represented Louis XVIIIquite a career!
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Key Figures Continued

• Prince Maurice de Talleyrand of France
• A former Catholic Bishop
• Survived all the stages of the Revolution
• Obtained advantageous terms for France at the
  Congress
• Served as the French ambassador to Britain and
  created good relations

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Talleyrand Political Cartoon

• Mr. ALL-YOURS OR THE VERY EMBODIMENT OF GRATITUDE
  AT THE CONGRESS IN VIENNA. Talleyrand---Malmaiso
  n National Museum This Bonapartist caricature
  criticizes Talleyrand (shown here as acting under
  the devil's influence), who was accused of
  abandoning Napoleon upon hearing of the Emperor's
  return from Elba (hence the text he is writing
  down).
• The former minister is in fact considered to have
  played a rather positive role during the Congress
  of Vienna.
• Thanks to him, France was able to keep its
  conquests dating back to 1793 (Nice and Savoy)
  together with the works of art stolen by the
  French during the Directoire and the Empire, and
  which had been added to the Louvre collections.
• All this was lost after Waterloo.

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Key Figures Continued

• Prince Karl August von Hardenberg
• Chancellor of Prussia
• Played a leading role in the Coalition against
  Napoleon
• Was against Russia annexing Poland but was
  overruled by King Frederick William III

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Of course, there were hundreds of other minor
princes, dukes, barons, and religious leaders all
meeting in Vienna. They went to party after
party. During the night they danced with great
beautiesbut during the day, they negotiated for
their separate countries.
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Key Principles Established at Vienna

• Balance of Power/Compensation
• Legitimacy
• Encirclement of France

• Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5
  years.
• France would have to pay an indemnity or war
  reparations of 700,000,000 francs.

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OBJECTIVES

• Legitimacy restore monarchs on their thrones.
  Put the government back to the way it was.
  Reactionary and conservatives rule

• Compensation Land! in 1815, size was
  everything. Winners regain what they lost from
  France. Try for more
• Balance of Power a new European order in which
  no single power was able to dominate.

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• More than anything, they wanted to prevent
  another Napoleon figure from ever conquering
  Europe again.
• They want to replace French hegemony with an
  equilibrium.
• Want liberalism and nationalism BLOCKED as
  liberal and nationalist uprising are what opened
  door to Napoleon.

• Not simply a territorial arrangement it was,
  more importantly, a strategic and military
  balance.
• They embraced the idea of buffer zones between
  their country and potentially hostile neighbors.

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Goal One Compensation

• All countries involved should be repaid for their
  expenses incurred while fighting the French
• France was forced to give up its recently gained
  territory and pay for war damages
• Great Britain received the West Indies,
• the Dutch colony of Ceylon,
• South Africa, and a few other islands
• Austria gained the Italian provinces of Lombardy
  and Venetia, and the eastern coast of the
  Adriatic Sea
• Prussia received territories along the Rhine
  River and half of the Kingdom of Saxony
• Russia received most of the Polish territory
  formerly held by Prussia and Austria

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Territorial Changes

• Austria gained Lombardy, Modena, Parma, Tuscany,
  and Venetia (all are areas in Italy)
• England gained Cape Colony, Ceylon, Heligoland,
  Guiana, and Malta (areas in Africa, the Americas,
  and Asia)
• Holland gained Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)
• Prussia gained part of Poland, land along the
  Rhine River, 40 of Saxony, Swedish Pomerania,
  and Westphalia
• Russia gained Finland and part of Poland
• Sweden gained Norway

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Goal Two Legitimacy

• Restoring the power of the royal families who had
  ruled before Napoleon
• This was to stabilize the governments
• Reestablished royal dynasties in
• France, Spain, Portugal, Naples,
• Sardinia, and Sicily
• Restored the Bourbon Kings to Spain and the
  Kingdom of Two Sicilies
• Restored the House of Orange to the Netherlands
• Restored the House of Savoy to Sardinia
• Made the Pope the leader of the Papal States
• The Bourbon heir, Louis XVIII was made
• legal ruler of France
• Habsburg princes returned to their thrones in
  Central Europe

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The Congress had many goals. One was LEGITIMACY

• Only rulers from families before the French
  Revolution should be put back on the throne.
• Napoleons brothers were removed from Holland and
  Spain
• In France, Louis XVIII accepted the throne, with
  a constitution that limited his powers and
  promised equality.

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Legitimacy

• Legitimacy
• Restoration of pre-Napoleon rulers
• House of Bourbon France, Spain, and the two
  Sicilies
• House of Braganza Portugal
• House of Orange Netherlands
• House of Savoy Sardinia
• Habsburg German princes territories in the
  Confederation of the Rhine
• Pope and Catholic Church Papal States

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The Bourbons were restored to the various thrones
of Europein France, the now old brother of the
executed Louis XVI, Louis XVIII was king.
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Louis XVIII of France

• No more divine right of kings
• Charter (Constitution) granted in 1814
• Could not restore feudalism and serfdom
• Continuing religious toleration guaranteed

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• Restoring Monarchies
• Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many
  countries.
• Members of the old Bourbon royal family were
  returned to the thrones of Spain and Sicily.
• Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia.

• Metternichs Influence
• His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and
  society.
• Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he
  despised constitutions, voting rights, and
  freedom of religion and the press.
• Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the
  German states, and northern Italy.

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Goal Three Encirclement of France---Balance of
Power

• To keep France from renewing its drive for power
• Austrian Netherlands united
• with the Dutch Republic to form
• the single kingdom of Netherlands
• Group of 39 German States joined
• the German Confederation dominated by Austria
• Switzerland recognized as an independent and
  neutral nation
• Kingdom of Sardinia
• in Italy was given Piedmont and Genoa
• France was encircled by stronger nations now

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Buffer States

• Designed to prevent France from again becoming a
  threat
• Holland and Sardinia enlarged and strengthened
• European nations guaranteed Switzerlands
  neutrality

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The Confederation of the Rhine, as set up by
Napoleon, remained.
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The Germanic Confederation, 1815
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Prussias borders were set.
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Results of the Congress of Vienna

• Concert of Europe group of leading nations
  which periodically met to discuss issues
  regarding stability
• Temporary suppression of democratic and
  nationalistic ideals
• International peace no general war in Europe
  until World War I a hundred years later
• Crimean War (1854-1856)
• Austro-Prussian War (1866)
• Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

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An Evaluation of the Congress of Vienna

• The Congress of Vienna was criticized for
  ignoring the liberal nationalist aspirations of
  so many peoples.
• The leading statesmen at Vienna underestimated
  the new nationalism and liberalism generated by
  the French Revolution.
• Not until the unification of Germany in 1870-71
  was the balance of power upset.
• Not until World War I did Europe have another
  great war.

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The Concert of Europe System Established

• The principle of collective security was
  established.
• The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle 1816
• The Congress of Troppau 1820
• The Congress of Laibach 1821
• The Congress of Verona 1822
• Their goal was to define and monitor the status
  quo.

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Impact of the Congress of Vienna Revolutions

• For nearly 30 years, there was peace in Europe,
  but
• German students did protest for more liberal
  reforms and were put down by the Metternich and
  King Frederick William III with the Carlsbad
  Decrees in 1819
• The Decrees imposed strict censorship of all
  publications and suppressed freedom of speech
• Liberal reformers in Spain created a
  constitutional monarchy in 1820
• Revolts broke out in Latin American colonies
  against Spanish control in 1820s
• Greeks fought for independence from the Ottomans
  in 1821
• Liberalism and Nationalist movements continued to
  grow

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Democratic Revolts

• Liberal movement within German universities
• Carlsbad Decrees (1819)
• Abolished student fraternities
• Established strict censorship of the press
• Placed spies in classrooms to monitor professors
  and students
• Spanish Revolt (1820)
• Revolts in Naples and Piedmont (1820)
• Second French Revolution (1830)
• Revolts in Austria, France, and Prussia (1848)

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Discouraged Democratic and Nationalistic Movements

• Quadruple Alliance and Concert of Europe
  suppressed revolts
• Spy network used to uncover revolutionary
  activity
• Strict censorship of education, the press, and
  speech

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The Congress ended amidst promises to meet
regularly to deal with any conflicts that arose
in future congresses.
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Political Cartoon on Carlsbad Decrees Stopping
Democracy
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In the next few years, congresses were held in
Aix la Chapelle in 1818, Troppau in 1820, and
Verona in 1822. These meetings or congresses,
as they were called, dealt with many issues. But
they had one goal in mind
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Keep the Peaceno more wholesale European Warfare!
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Of course, there will be wars during the
1800sbut they will not encompass all of Europe,
so, the Hundred Years Peace is an appropriate
title.
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There will be the Crimean War.
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There will be Italys Unification--
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Germany will experience the

• Danish-Prussian War
• Prussian Austrian War
• Franco Prussian War

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But after their wars, Germany will become a
united country.
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And Britain will experience the Boer War in its
South African regions.
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That is why the years 1814-1914 is called the
Hundred Years Peace.
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The Congress of Vienna, for that reason, might be
termed a successful peace conference.
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In the years to come, Metternich would suppress
any sign of revolutionhe used secret spies,
censored papers, and suppressed students.
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The Metternich system was adopted by other
countries. Their leaders supported spying,
informants, and suppression.
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The novel and film Les Miserables takes place
during this time.
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A Shift in Power

• Balance is Lost
• In 1815, the Congress of Vienna established five
  powers in Europe
• Austria
• Prussia
• Britain
• France
• Russia
• By 1871, Britain Prussia (now Germany) have
  gained much power
• Austria Russia are weaker militarily
  economically

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Political Philosophies Conservatives or
Reactionaries

• Protect the existing traditional forms of
  government
• Moderate conservatives believed in a
  constitutional monarchy like Britain
• Extreme conservatives believed in an absolute
  monarchy like in Russia
• Most conservatives were the royal families,
  nobles, and wealthy landowners

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Conservatism
Def advocates legitimate, traditional government
in order to preserve the status-quo.
Edmund Burke, the founder of modern conservative
thought, wrote The state was a partnership, but
one not only between those who are living, but
between those who are living, those who are dead
and those who are to be bornNo one generation
therefore has the right to destroy this
partnership.
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CONSERVATISM continued

• Legitimacy restoring the hereditary rule of
  monarchs on their thrones of Europe. Belief in
  the Divine Right of Kings or Absolutism.

• Traditions feudal privileges, social
  hierarchies and orders, traditional Catholicism.

The nobility was one of Europes most ancient
institutions, and conservatives regarded
tradition as the basic source of human
institutions.
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CONSERVATISM continued

• Preserve the Status Quo Peace, Stability, and
  Order is achieved by a Balance of Power.

Conservatives Edmund Burke, Prince
Metternich Generally aristocrats of noble or
royal blood
The peacemakers of 1815 (Britain, Prussia,
Austria, and Russia) were men who were
backward-looking and conservative, who believed
that liberalism was responsible for a generation
of war and untold bloodshed and suffering.
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19c Conservatism

• Conservatism arose in reaction to liberalism
  became a popular alternative for those who were
  frightened by the violence unleashed by the
  French Revolution.
• Early conservatism was allied to the restored
  monarchical governments of Austria, Prussia,
  France, and England.
• Support for conservatism
• Came from the traditional ruling class.
• Also supported by the peasants.
• Supported by Romantic writers, conservatives
  believed in order, society and the state, faith,
  and tradition.

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Characteristics of Conservatism

• Conservatives viewed history as a continuum.
• The basis of society is organic, not contractual.
• Stability longevity, not progress and change,
  mark a good society.
• The only legitimate sources of political
  authority were God and history.
• They rejected the social contract theory.
• Conservatives believed that self-interests do not
  lead to social harmony, but to social conflict.
• Denounced individualism and natural rights.
• To conservatives, society was hierarchical.

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Conservatism

• Reactionaries (Put it back the way it was)
• Revolution of 1848
• Successful revolutions in all European countries
• Monarchies returned after 6 months in all
  countries
• Tories/conservatives

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Conservative Alliances

• Quadruple Alliance-
• Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and
  later France
• November 1815
• To discuss the security of Europe
• To preserve territories and suppress revolutions

• Holy Alliance-
• Russia, Austria, and Prussia
• Organized by Czar Alexander I
• Justice, Christian Charity, and Peace
• United Christian monarchs
• Pope refused to join
• Great Britains parliament would not approve
  joining-violated constitution

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Quadruple Alliance
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Holy Alliance
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Political Philosophies Liberalism

• This was a movement to give more power to an
  elected Parliament
• Limited parliaments for which only the educated
  and property owners could vote
• Most did not believe in democracy
• Key supporters upper
• bourgeoisie, business
• leaders, and merchants

DEMOCRACY
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Liberalism
Def advocates limited government in order to
protect individual liberties.
It is the ideology of Freedom
Freedom of Assembly
Right to Property
Equality of opportunity
Freedom of Press
Free Trade
Freedom of Religion
Freedom from arbitrary arrest
Freedom of Speech
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Origins of 19c Liberalism

• The word was first used when the term was adopted
  by the Spanish political party, the Liberales, in
  1812.
• The roots of liberalism came from two very
  different traditions of English French
  political thought.
• England
• John Locke
• Adam Smith
• France
• Jean Jacques Rousseau
• Francois Guizot

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The origins of Liberalism
The Enlightenment introduced the idea of a social
contract based on natural rights and equality of
men. John Locke all men are born free and
equal.

• French Revolution instituted a new political
  order based on individual freedom

• Such rights and freedoms would be guaranteed in
  constitutions as Liberalism demanded
  representative government as opposed to
  autocratic monarchy

• Napoleon codifies this philosophy in Napoleonic
  Code which spreads to most of Europe

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John Locke

• Contract theory of government.
• Regarded the state as ahuman construction,
  established by an originalcontract.
• Limited, constitutional government.
• Civil society of free men, equal under the rule
  of law, bound together by no common purpose but
  sharing respect for each others rights.
• Doctrine of natural rights.
• Links private property with individual liberty.

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• Liberal economists believe the best government
  governs the least. The government should let the
  economy alonelaissez-faire. Economic freedom
  should be given through free trade.

• Valued equality of opportunityeach individual
  has the opportunity to succeed careers are open
  to all citizens on the basis of their talents,
  not their titles, heritage, or privileges.

Life is like a rat raceeveryone has the
opportunity to win. But this also means that
there will be losers. (Industrialization
brought poverty)
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Adam Smith

• His Wealth of Nations adds an economic dimension.
• He merged Lockes ideas of civil society with
  economic theory.
• Free trade economics.
• Saw the invisible hand where a benevolent God
  administered a universe in which human happiness
  was maximized.

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

• His Social Contract andtheory of the general
  will demonstrates an alternative origin of
  Liberalism.
• Men must resolve problemsthrough our capacity
  tochoose how we ought to live.
• Man was born free, and he is everywhere in
  chains.
• Humans are essentially free, but the progress
  of civilization has substituted subservience to
  others for that freedom.

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Rousseau Totalitarianism

• The General Will ? a strong and direct form of
  democracy.
• Only possible in a relatively small state?
• Is Rousseau promoting collective tyranny?
• Rousseau rejected representative democracy.

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Liberalism

• Poets/novelists
• Natural life superior (noble savage)
• Aimed at complacent middle class
• Charles Dickens
• Social conditions
• Honorè de Balzac
• Stupid middle class
• Jane Austen
• Against classes
• The Bronte sisters
• Against male domination

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Moderate Liberalism

• Favored the idea of the sovereignty of the
  people, but
• Government should rest on the organized consent
  of at least the most important sections of the
  community.
• An extension of the franchise to include all men
  of property.
• Exclude the working class!
• A good constitutional monarchy was the best form
  of government.
• Valued liberty more than equality.
• Confidence in mans powers of self-government and
  self-control.
• Freedom of the press.
• Free right of assembly.
• Written constitutions.

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Moderate Liberalism

• Economic policies
• Laissez-faire economy.
• Free trade.
• Lower tariffs.
• Against the right of the working class to
  organize into unions.
• The general progress of humanity would emerge
  from the growth of wealth and from science and
  inventions.
• Established churches the landed aristocracy
  were obstacles to the advancement of
  civilization.
• Orderly change by legislative process.
• A dislike of wars, conquests, a standing army,
  and military expenditures.
• Hated the idea of revolution!

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Challenges to Liberalism

• From above ? the conservative upper class.
• From below ? Socialism/Marxism.
• From organized religions.
• From militarism and imperialism.
• From economic upheavals
• Irish Potato Famine 1845-1852.
• Great Depressions 1873-1896.

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• Until the Revolutions of 1848, Liberals did NOT
  want democracy (or Universal Manhood Suffrage)

• Why? You must have a stake in societyproperty.
  Liberalism guarantees a right to
  private property.

Liberals John Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart
Mill Generally men of the business and educated
professionals.
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Political Philosophies Radicalism

• Favored drastic and violent change---includes
  Nationalism
• Wanted democracy where everyone could vote
• Believed governments everywhere should practice
  the ideals of the French Revolution
• Key supporters were sans culottes,
  intellectuals, and students

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NATIONALISM
Def a sense of unity based upon shared
characteristics language, culture, historical
experience, religion, ethnicity and geography.
To some, nationalism expressed a desire or right
for nationalities to rule themselves. Examples
of nationalities that did not rule themselves in
1815 were Germans, Italians, and Poles. They
wanted it conservatives worried about more
revolution
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What is nationalism?

• Nationalism is pride in a countrys heritage

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What is nationalism?

• Nationalism can also include
• National Anthem
• Cultural Heritage
• Language
• Religion
• Anything which is a shared feature of a country,
  group or culture.

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Nationalism

• What is nationalism?
• The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to
  a nation of people who share a common culture
  history
• What was the effect of nationalism?
• Tore apart centuries-old empires
• Gave rise to the nation-state
• Opposed by conservatives

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Types of Nationalism

• Unification merges culturally similar lands
• Separation splits off culturally distinct groups
• State-building binds separate cultures into one

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How is nationalism demonstrated?

• Monuments

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How is nationalism demonstrated?

• Historical Sites

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How is nationalism demonstrated?

• Flags

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Nationalistic Revolts

• Latin American Revolutions (1810-1825)
• Greek War of Independence (1821-1829)
• Italian Revolt (1830)
• Belgian Independence Revolt (1830-1839)
• Polish Revolt (1831)
• Revolts in Bohemia, German states, Hungary, and
  Italian states (1848)

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Latin American Revolutions(1810-1825)

• Independence movements arose following Napoleons
  invasion of Spain
• Revolutions supported by Great Britain and United
  States
• Great Britain
• Wanted to trade with Latin America, which Spain
  had never permitted
• United States
• Also wanted to trade
• Sympathized with democratic ideals
• Monroe Doctrine (1823) U.S. would not interfere
  in Europe, and Europe would not interfere in the
  independent nations of the Americas
• Support from the United States and Great Britain
  (a member of the Quadruple Alliance) kept Europe
  away

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Revolutionary Movements in the Early 19c
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Spanish Revolt (1820)

• Ferdinand VII had scrapped the liberal
  constitution of 1812
• Restored absolutism, Inquisition, and Old Regime
• Suppressed individual liberties
• 1820 revolt Ferdinand had to restore the 1812
  constitution
• Quadruple Alliance met in Verona in 1822
• Sent French army into Spain
• Ferdinand restored to power
• Ruled as an autocratic despot
• No democratic progress in Spain for approximately
  100 years

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Italian Revolt (1820)

• Revolts in Piedmont and Naples
• Led by Carbonari (charcoal burners) secret
  organization
• Wanted constitutions to limit royal absolutism
• Congress of Laibach (1821)
• Quadruple Alliance had Austrian military suppress
  the revolts
• Austrian army fire brigade of Europe

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Wallachia Moldavia
Independence Movementsin the Balkans
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Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power

• The Balkans
• Region controlled by the Ottoman Empire
• Present day Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania,
  and the former Yugoslavia
• Battle of Navarino (1827)
• British, French, Russian fleet destroyed the
  Ottomans
• Greece gained independence

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Greek Revolt (1821-1829)

• Greeks revolted against Ottoman (Turkish) rulers
• Metternich sided with the Turks
• Britain, France, and Russia sided with the Greeks
• Greece won its independence in 1829

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Greek Revolution - 1821
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Greek Independence

• The Eastern Question
• Hetairia Philike ? a secret society that
  inspired an uprising against the Turks in 1821.
• Pan-Hellenism
• 1827 ? Battle of Navarino
• Br, Fr, Rus destroyed the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet.
• 1828 ? Rus declared war on the
  Otts.
• 1829 ? Treaty of Adrianople
• 1830 ? Greece declared an independent nation
  Treaty of London.

Greece on the Ruins of Missilonghi by Delacroix,
1827
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The 1830 Revolutions
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Belgian Independence, 1830

• The first to follow the lead of France.
• Its union with Holland after the Congress of
  Vienna had not proved successful.
• There had been very little popular agitation
  for Belgian nationalism before 1830 ? seldom
  had nationalism arisen so suddenly.
• Wide cultural differences
• North ? Dutch ? Protestant ? seafarers and
  traders.
• South ? French ? Catholic ? farmers and
  individual workers.

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Belgian Revolution - 1830
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A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830

• The bloodiest struggle of the 1830 revolutions.
• The Poles in and around Warsaw gain a special
  status by the Congress of Vienna within the
  Russian Empire.
• Their own constitution.
• Local autonomy granted in 1818.
• After Tsar Alexander I dies, the Poles became
  restless under the tyrannical rule of Tsar
  Nicholas I.
• Polish intellectuals were deeply influenced by
  Romanticism.
• Rumors reached Poland that Nicholas I was
  planning to use Polish troops to put down the
  revolutions in France and Belgium.
• Several Polish secret societies rebelled.

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A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830

• Had the Poles been united, thisrevolt might have
  been successful.
• But, the revolutionaries were split into
  moderates and radicals.
• The Poles had hoped that Fr Eng would come to
  their aid, but they didnt.
• Even so, it took the Russian army a year to
  suppress this rebellion.
• The irony ? by drawing the Russian army to Warsaw
  for almost a year, the Poles may well have kept
  Nicholas I from answering Hollands call for help
  in suppressing the Belgian Revolt.

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The Results of the 1820s-1830 Revolutions?

• The Concert of Europe provided for a recovery of
  Europe after the long years of Revolution and
  Napoleonic Wars.
• The conservatives did NOT reverse ALL of the
  reforms put in place by the French Revolution.
• Liberalism would challenge the conservative plan
  for European peace and law and order.
• These revolutions were successful only in W.
  Europe
• Their success was in their popular support.
• Middle class lead, aided by the urban lower
  classes.
• The successful revolutions had benefited the
  middle class ? the workers, who had done so much
  of the rioting and fighting, were left with empty
  hands!
• Therefore, these revolutions left much unfinished
  a seething, unsatisfied working class.

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Ethnic Uprisings in 1848
Numerous ethnic uprisings occurred throughout
Europe
111
Revolution of 1848

• Causes
• Liberals from middle class demand rights
• Economic slowdown
• Poor harvests
• Nationalism among European minorities

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The Revolutions of 1848

• Big Picture the Revolutions of 1848 were the
  result of the movement of Liberalism in the 19th
  century in Europe.
• Remember the contrast between political
  Liberalism and Conservatism?
• Simply put, political conservatives represented
  the values of the Ancien Regime

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The Revolutions of 1848

• Two key issues before we start
• Britain and Russia do not undergo any manner of
  revolt in this time period for different reasons.
• The Continent, everywhere from France to Italy to
  the German States to the Hapsburg Empire, does
  under go some manner of revolution.
• Why not Britain and Russia?

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The Revolutions of 1848

• Britain
• The revolutions did not affect England because
  England had already gone beyond the goals the
  revolutionaries sought to achieve.
• Britain had a representative government, and a
  relatively progressive liberal economy.
• Key, this does not mean the England was worker
  friendly. No part of Europe was

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The Revolutions of 1848

• Russia
• They did not affect Russia because Russia had not
  yet developed the economic and social pressures
  which stimulate the liberal revolution.
• They literally were so far away from the impact
  of liberalism that revolution was not even a
  issue.
• Russia at this time is a country ruled by
  repressive Czars, and dominated by a feudal
  agrarian economy.

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Reform in Russia

• By the 1800s, Russia still had not industrialized
• Society and economy based on the feudal system
• By the 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom
  must end
• Problem was the czar did not want to free them
• It would anger the landowners
• Czar needed support from landowners to stay in
  power

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Reform in Russia

• Defeat Leads to Change
• 1853, Czar Nicholas I wanted to take over part of
  the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War
• Industries transportation system failed to
  provide adequate supplies for the troops
• 1856, Russia lost the Crimean War
• Nicholas II decided that Russia needed to
  modernize and industrialize

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Reform in Russia

• The Reforms of Czar Alexander II
• Freed the serfs in 1861
• Peasant communities received about half the
  farmland
• Nobles kept the other half
• Government paid nobles for their land
• Terrorists assassinated Alexander II, 1881
• Political social reforms stopped
• Alexander III tightened control
• Encouraged industrial development
• Nationalism was force behind Russias drive
  toward industrial expansion

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Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

• Russian Empire
• Controlled over a dozen different ethnicities
  with different cultures
• Used the policy of Russification
• Forcing Russian culture on all peoples
• Actually strengthened ethnic cultures
• Ultimately empire falls in 1917
• Due to the problems during World War I

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Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

• Austrian Empire
• Empire included people from many ethnic groups
• 1866 defeat to Prussia forces the split into
  Austria Hungary
• Still ruled by emperor Francis Joseph

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Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

• Ottoman Empire
• Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens
  empire
• Conservative Turks led the genocide and
  deportation of thousands of Armenians in
  1894-1896
• Empire ultimately falls soon after World War I

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Views of Nationalism

• Nationalists use their common bond to build
  nation-states
• Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjects

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The Revolutions of 1848

• The Rest of Europe?
• The revolutions of 1848 did, however, sweep
  across Europe from Paris in the west to cities
  throughout  Germany and Italy, to Berlin in
  Prussia, and to Vienna and Prague and Budapest in
  the Austrian Empire.
• This is part of the larger trend of the formation
  of the nation state in Europe.
• Another way of looking at it would be this

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Radicals Change France

• Demand for democratic government the main goal of
  the revolution of 1848
• Establishment of The Third Republic
• People overturned a monarchy est. a republic
• New republican govt began to fall apart almost
  immediately
• The radicals split into factions
• A moderate constitution was drawn up in 1848

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Radicals Change France (cont)

• France Accepts a Strong Ruler
• Louis-Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon) won the
  presidential election December 1848
• Four years later took the title of Emperor
  Napoleon III
• A majority of French voters accepted this without
  complaint
• French were weary of instability
• Louis-Napoleons policies
• Built railroads
• Encouraged industrialization
• Promoted public works
• Unemployment decreased
• The country experienced real prosperity

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The Revolutions of 1848

• Generally speaking, the trend in 19th century
  Europe of State formation shows the conflict
  between two- forces
• Established monarchies and family dynasties
  tended to represent the values of the Ancien
  Regime.
• Replacing these monarchies and families by
  representative governments meant a true shift in
  the role of government in society.

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The Revolutions of 1848

• Blanket Statements
• The revolutions of 1848 occurred in cities where
  a middle class was often joined by university
  students, who shared liberal goals.
• They united temporarily with urban working people
  who sought to relieve the oppressive working
  conditions imposed upon them in the early
  industrial period.

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The Revolutions of 1848

• Middle class people entrepreneurs, industrial
  managers, shopkeepers, professionals, could not
  identify with the workers and their goals.
  Therefore, the united front was short-lived.
• They could cooperate in overthrowing the
  government of the old regime, but they could not
  share in the effort to create a new government.
     

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The Revolutions of 1848

• The revolution hardly touched the countryside
  because the peasants did not participate in the
  revolution and had their own agenda.
• Wherever peasants enjoyed ownership of the land,
  they tended to be a conservative influence.

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The Revolutions of 1848

• More specifically, there was an element of crisis
  all over Europe which also contributed to the
  revolution.
• That is, a depression and sporadic famine and
  high unemployment were involved.
• Living conditions in cities were growing worse,
  and there were no social services to deal with
  the growing urban poor.

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Conclusion

• Unrest throughout Europe caused Revolution of
  1848
• Liberals desired greater political participation
• Nationalities demanded independence
• Conservatives manage to put down rebellions

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1848 The Consequences

• The revolutions failed to pull popular support
  from working classes.
• Middle classes led the revolution, but as it
  turned more radical, they held back.
• Were they were successful, old guard was left in
  place and they turned against them.
• Nationalism divided more that united.
• Some gains lasted (abolition of serfdom, etc.)
• In the longterm, most liberal gains would be
  solidified by the end of the century, Germany and
  Italy would be unified, and the Austrian Empire
  would collapse at the end of World War I.

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