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Title: Fruska%20gora,%20July%2025th%202009.

1
Evolution of the EU-NATO relations

2
Outline of the presentation

3
HistoryPre-ESDP period

Cold War NATO vs. Warsaw Pact (neutrality or
non-alignment)
WEU weak security attempt to contain Germany
(Brussels Treaty 1948.)
Failure of different attempts to create
supranational defence arrangement (most notably
EDC 1954.)

4
History Proto-ESDP period (1)

1989 end of the bifurcation of military
alliance structures demise of the Warsaw Pact
NATO side period of self-examination, finding
new raison dêtre
EC/EU side Maastricht Treaty (1992)
Creation of the CFSP(...common defence policy
which might in time lead to common defence TEU)
rebirth of the WEU as a European defence
organization providing a ready-made mechanism for
the MS to exploit

5
History Proto-ESDP period (2)

WEU as a model for understanding the EU
variable geometry (intergovernmental,
complement, not alternative to NATO, kept defense
provision away from the EU)
The EU-WEU relationship European pillar of NATO
ESDI (first mentioned in 1991 NATO Strategic
concept) defense component of the EU!
Petersberg tasks 1992. WEU expanding its
operations to encompass humanitarian and rescue
tasks, peace-keeping tasks, and tasks of combat
forces in crisis management institutionalizatio
n of WEU
1994. NATO decides to make available assets and
capabilities for WEU operations

6
History Proto-ESDP period (3)

Amsterdam Treaty
Strengthening of the commitment on military
security
Closer institutional relations with the WEU with
a possibility of its integration into the Union
Inclusion of the Petersberg tasks in the text
(Finland, Sweden)
High Representative for CFSP ( Secretary General
of the WEU) symbolically J. Solana!

7
History From Aspirations to Operations

Turning point St. Malo agreement (change of
attitude of T. Blair, reason - Kosovo) start of
the ESDP
The EU should have the capacity for autonomous
action, backed up by credible military forces,
the means to decide to use them and a readiness
to do so
Two means of implementing EU-led operations with
NATO assets and capabilities, or without them
Cologne meeting of the European Council 1999 EU
and NATO activities should be complementary and
not competitive
Helsinki meeting of the European Council 1999
formal launching of the ESDP
Autonomous capacity of the EU to react when NATO
as a whole is not engaged!
The force 60.000 troops operational at 2003,
capable of staying in the field at least 1 year.
Also, creation of institutions to support the
decision (Political and Security Committee,
Military Committee, Military Stuff , etc.)

8
History From Aspirations to Operations

WEU going to history (although it still exists,
but without a major role)
European Defense Agency, European Institute for
Security Studies, EU Satellite Centre, European
Security and Defense College
May 2003 existing operational capacity across
the full range of Petersberg tasks, limited and
constrained by recognized shortfalls
June 2004 new plan Headline Goal 2010
Operational centre of the EU
First non-NATO military structure to emerge in
post-Cold War Europe

9
NATO Developments

Evolutionary development of NATO in contrast to
revolutionary development of ESDP
4 NATO summits as staging posts Rome 1991(new
strategic concept), Brussels 1994 (PfP), Madrid
1997 (start of the enlargement), Washington 1999
(NATO position on ESDI-accepting the autonomy of
Europe)
Prague 2002 Declaration on ESDP NATO giving EU
access to NATO assets and capabilities for
operations in which NATO itself is not engaged
military

10
NATO Developments (2)

2003 Berlin plus- very important, provides for
EU access to NATO operational planning, NATO
capabilities and common assets, NATO European
command operations and the NATO defense planning
system adapted to the needs of Europeans
Berlin-plus missions of he EU Concordia
(Macedonia), Althea (BiH-symbolic replacement of
NATOs SFOR mission)

11
Political cooperation and consultations of the EU
and NATO

Formally they started in 2001. with exchange of
letters between NATO Gensec and Sweden, who
presided the EU at the time
May 2001. first official meeting of ministers of
foreign affairs
Regular consultations on ambassadors level, level
of military committees Gensec of NATO and HR of
the EU

12
Atrophy in Transatlantic Relations

Quality of US Europeans relations as
significant (the most important) factor in
division of labor between the EU and the NATO
Relative military weakness of the Europeans
vis-à-vis US at the end of the century, and
therefore incapability of sustainable Balkan
diplomacy
Incomparable military budgets after September 11

13
Atrophy in Transatlantic Relations (2)US making
the dinner and Europeans doing the dishes
(Kagan)

Despite expectations on both sides of the
Atlantic (e.g. Huntington), EU didnt (try to)
become superpower. Why?
Europe has developed over the past half-century
genuinely different perspective on the role of
power in IR, based on unique historical
experience
Modern European culture is constant rejection of
the past
Europe is trying to multilateralise US
So, what Europe wants? US umbrella, dealing with
itself only? EU foreign policy is the most
anemic all the products of EU integration.

14
Atrophy in Transatlantic Relations (3)US making
the dinner and Europeans doing the dishes
(Kagan)

US hyperpower (Vedrin)
EU as American project
The great paradox is that the passage to
post-modern Europe was made possible by US, and
by their decision not to take the same passage
Madeleine Albright 1998 concerns about 3 Ds
decoupling transatlantic link, duplicating
defence reources and discrimination against the
non-EU European NATO members
US must sometimes play by the rules of the
Hobbesian world, even though in doing so it
violates European norms
The importance of French return in NATO

15
Future or what is to be done?

Uncertainty about the future of EU NATO
relations what if they want to act in different
ways in certain situation? Overlapping capacities
How long will EU use Berlin-plus arrangements?
Have the EU and NATO shaped themselves
completely? Is their own future certain?

16
Thank you.