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6' CLOSER TO MAINSTREAMING: ACCESSOF MINORITIES TO THE MEDIA

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Title: 6' CLOSER TO MAINSTREAMING: ACCESSOF MINORITIES TO THE MEDIA

1
6. CLOSER TO MAINSTREAMING ACCESSOF MINORITIES
TO THE MEDIA

Dr Beata Klimkiewicz
Jagiellonian University
Kraków, Poland

2
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

universal equality of access to the media is not
reflected in the media landscapes, where
experience and interests of minorities are often
marginalised
the reservation of frequencies and time slots in
the public media
tax policies designed to increase minority
ownership
employment policies designed to stimulate active
recruitment, retention and advancement of
minorities
strict limits on hate speech

3
COUNCIL OF EUROPE THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR
THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES (FCNM) -
1995

Article 9
1. (...)The Parties shall ensure (...) that
persons belonging to a national minority are not
discriminated against in their access to the
media.
3. In the legal framework of sound radio and
television broadcasting, (the Parties) shall
ensure, (...) that persons belonging to national
minorities are granted the possibility of
creating and using their own media.
4. (...) the Parties shall adopt adequate
measures in order to facilitate access to the
media for persons belonging to national
minorities and in order to promote tolerance and
permit cultural pluralism

4
THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION

Article 6 The Parties shall encourage a spirit
of tolerance and intercultural dialogue and take
effective measures to promote mutual respect and
understanding and co-operation among all persons
living on their territory, irrespective of those
persons ethnic, cultural, linguistic or
religious identity, in particular in the fields
of education, culture and the media.

5
EUROPEAN CHARTER OF REGIONAL AND MINORITY
LANGUAGES ARTICLE 11

1. The Parties undertake, for the users of the
regional or minority languages (...)
a) to the extent that radio and television carry
out a public service mission
to ensure the creation of at least one radio
station and one television channel in the
regional or minority languages or.........
c) to encourage and/or facilitate the creation of
at least one television channel in the regional
or minority languages ...
e) to encourage and/or facilitate the creation
and/or maintenance of at least one newspaper in
the regional or minority languages
f) to cover the additional costs of those media
which use regional or minority languages,
wherever the law provides for financial
assistance in general for the media...

6
ARTICLE 11

2. The Parties undertake to guarantee freedom of
direct reception of radio and television
broadcasts from neighbouring countries in (...) a
regional or minority language (...). They further
undertake to ensure that no restrictions will be
placed on the freedom of expression and free
circulation of information in the written press
in (...) a regional or minority language.......
3. The Parties undertake to ensure that the
interests of the users of regional and minority
languages are represented (...) within such
bodies as may be established in accordance with
responsibility for guaranteeing the freedom and
pluralism of the media.

7
UNESCO DECLARATION ON CULTURAL DIVERSITY (2001)

encouraging digital literacy,
promoting linguistic diversity in cyberspace,
encouraging the production, safeguarding and
dissemination of diversified contents in the
media and global information networks,
promoting the role of public radio and television
services in the development of audiovisual
productions of good quality.
Article II 82 of the Treaty establishing a
Constitution for Europe (2004) The Union shall
respect cultural, religious and linguistic
diversity

8
MEDIA DIVERSITY

a broad principle to which appeal can be made on
behalf both of neglected minorities and of
consumer choice, or against monopoly and other
distinctions
an environment, that includes representations of
multiple groups
an emphasis on accepting and respecting
differences by recognizing that no group is
intrinsically superior to the other

9
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL DIVERSITY

EXTERNAL - existence of independent and
autonomous minority and community media
INTERNAL - minority and community representations
in the mainstream media contents

10
ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND NATIONAL MINORITIES IN
CENTRAL EUROPE

no multinational democracy
no recognition of strong political autonomy for a
national minority
rich ethnic and religious diversity
small size of minority groups
weak political involvement of minorities
lack of multinational and multilingual political
arrangements

11
CHANGING REGULATORY POLICIES

political and economic transformation of 1989 and
its consequences
the period of democratic consolidation
redefinition of policies towards national and
religious minorities
media sphere as one of policy areas

12
REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS

publication of a periodical press in minority
languages is guaranteed through the financial
support from the state budget
(external diversity concerns print press)
appropriate access to the public broadcasting
institutions and programming is guaranteed to
minorities
(internal diversity concerns public broadcasting)

13
LEGAL FRAMEWORK

special laws f. i. Czech Republic The 2001 Act
on Rights of Members of National Minorities (Art.
13)
no special legal provisions (f. i. Slovakia)
legal measures regulating public broadcasting
provisions on access and participation of
minorities

14
PUBLIC BROADCASTING LEGAL MEASURES

Act on the Czech Television (1991) the duty of
the public broadcaster is
.to provide objective, verified, universal and
well-balanced information, to freely create
opinions and develop cultural identity of the
Czech nation and national and ethnic minorities
in the Czech Republic
The Polish Broadcasting Act (1992)
programmes of public broadcasting should take
into consideration needs of national minorities
and ethnic groups

15
EXTERNAL DIVERSITY MEASURES
16
PATTERNS OF EXTERNAL DIVERSITY IMPLEMENTATION

reflective external diversity ethnic and
cultural structure of a population is
proportionally reflected in the existence of
independent and autonomous minority newspapers
and periodicals
open external diversity different communities
are equally represented in the existence of
minority newspapers and periodicals

17
MODEL OF REFLECTIVE EXTERNAL DIVERSITY SLOVAKIA
18
MIXED MODEL CZECH REPUBLIC
19
MODEL OF OPEN EXTERNAL DIVERSITY POLAND

each national/ethnic minority to be provided at
least with one newspaper or periodical
several newspapers and periodicals (f.i.
Belorussian - 6, German 4, Ukrainian 7,
Jewish 4)
one or two periodicals (f.i. Slovak, Lithuanian,
Ruthenian, Roma, Tartar, Armenian)

20
PATTERNS OF INTERNAL DIVERSITY IMPLEMENTATION

programming concerning minority issues or
multicultural programming prepared by majority
journalists for a majority audience
minority programming prepared by minority
journalists for minority audiences
magazine U siebie (At home), Mr Kowalski meets Mr
Schmidt
Hungarian broadcasting unit (Slovak Radio)

21
MINORITY AUDIENCES

media from abroad have a little significance for
minority viewers
minority programming produced by minority
journalists is perceived by minority audiences as
more diverse than programmes about minorities
produced for a majority
the most important function of minority
programming is a symbolic one to present
minority cultures, their images and issues for a
majority
an ideal minority programming should reach three
goals
o to inform
o to develop and shape a minority culture
o to educate

22
CONCLUSIONS

media pluralism and equal access to the media are
the guarantees of cultural diversity
small in number, or widely dispersed, minorities
may not constitute a viable economic base for a
medium dedicated to servicing their needs
crucial role willingness and effectiveness of
national governments in implementing
international standards concerning diversity in
the media and access of minorities to the media
international standards not fait accompli but a
process in construction, which is and can be
enriched by national experiences