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INTL101: Introduction to Global Politics
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In fact, Turkey is still the only country to have recognised the TRNC. ... to Cypriots and some contact has been re-established between the two communities. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation
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Title: INTL101: Introduction to Global Politics
1
INTL101 Introduction to Global Politics
Question 5 Is a Bi-communal, Bi-zonal, Federal
Cyprus a realistic possibility? (Part 2)
2
The 1960 Republic
- In 1960 Greece and Turkey agreed that Cyprus
should became an independent Republic. Britain
accepted this provided it could keep two
Sovereign Base Areas for military purposes. - The new Republic was forbidden to join with any
other country and Britain, Greece and Turkey were
all given intervention rights to guarantee its
integrity and constitutional system.
3
The 1960 Republic
- The new constitutional system was very
complicated - There were to be two self-governing Communities,
one Greek, one Turkish with powers over such
things as language and culture, education, social
and religious affairs, family law, etc. - The central government was to be shared by the
two communities.
4
The 1960 Republic
- The President was to be a Greek-Cypriot elected
by the Greek-Cypriot Community. The first
President was the Archbishop, Makarios III. - The Vice-President was to be a Turkish-Cypriot
elected by the Turkish Cypriot Community. The
first Vice-President was Dr. Fazil Küçük. - They had approximately equal powers and usually
each could veto actions by the other.
5
The 1960 Republic
- Archbishop Makarios III
Dr. Fazil Küçük - President of Cyprus
Vice-President of Cyprus - 1960-1967
1959-1963
6
The 1960 Republic
- The Greek-Cypriots thought this system was unfair
and unworkable. They were about 80 of the
population but they only had half the power. The
Turkish Cypriots were 18 and they had half the
power. This wasnt democratic. - Also, the government could not work properly
because usually the two sides did not agree with
each other about anything and could threaten to
use their veto.
7
The 1960 Republic
- In 1963, Makarios proposed 13 changes in the
constitution to make it workable. These changes
meant the Turkish-Cypriots losing their equal
power in the central government (although they
would still keep their community powers). - The Turkish-Cypriots refused to accept these
changes which they said would be illegal and
which would take away the safeguards they needed
for their protection.
8
The 1960 Republic
- Violence broke out after a Turkish-Cypriot
village near Limassol was attacked and
inter-communal fighting spread across the island. - Turkish-Cypriots moved to safe areas which they
could defend while those in the government left
(or were forced to leave) their jobs. - For the next 11 years Turkish Cypriots lived in
these so-called enclaves where conditions were
very bad. Most of them had no proper homes and
there was little food or medicines.
9
1974
- In 1974 the military government in Greece
organised a coup détat against President
Makarios but he escaped with British help. - Everyone expected that Enosis was about to be
declared and the Turkish Cypriots were very
afraid. - In July 1974 Turkish troops intervened claiming
the right to do so as a Guarantor country.
10
1974
- There was a lot of fighting and at the end Turkey
had control of about 34 of the island. - Almost all Turkish-Cypriots living in the rest of
Cyprus came to this northern part while, over
time, almost all Greek-Cypriots living in the
north went to the south. - In this way although large numbers of people
could now live in safety among their own people,
very many - especially Greek-Cypriots - had lost
their homes.
11
1963 and 1974
- 1963 The Turkish Cypriots had been attacked
many had been killed or had disappeared many had
lost their homes and had to live in the enclaves.
They have never forgotten this. - 1974 The Greek Cypriots felt they had been
attacked many had been killed or had
disappeared many had lost their homes and had to
go to live in refugee camps in the south. They
have never forgotten this.
12
Partition
- The Turkish-Cypriots were able to arrange their
own administration and with help from Turkey were
able to set up a state of their own in the north.
In 1983 the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
was declared. - The UN Security Council declared this legally
invalid and asked all countries not to recognise
the new state. - In fact, Turkey is still the only country to have
recognised the TRNC.
13
Partition
- For the next 20 years it was almost impossible
for people to cross the Green Line between the
TRNC in the north and the internationally-recognis
ed Republic of Cyprus in the south. - The Greek-Cypriot south soon recovered
economically from the war-damage and became quite
rich. - The Turkish-Cypriot north stayed relatively poor
and because it was not recognised it became more
and more economically, socially, politically and
diplomatically isolated.
14
Partition
- However, in 2004 the border was re-opened to
Cypriots and some contact has been re-established
between the two communities. - In May 2004 Cyprus joined the European Union
but in practice this means the Greek-Cypriot part
only (EU Law does not apply in the North). The
border is now also open to all EU citizens.
15
Partition
- Since then the European Union has been trying to
find a way to give money to help the Turkish
Cypriot economy and to remove the isolation. But
so far the Republic of Cyprus government has been
able to block this. - But they are still trying.
16
Attempts at a Settlement
- Since 1974 there have been many attempts, usually
by or through the United Nations, to find a
settlement which would reunite the island on the
basis of a Bi-zonal, bi-communal Federal
Republic (this principle was agreed by both
sides many years ago). - Sometimes a solution has seemed close but always
one side or the other has rejected it.
17
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