THREE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF SAFE TIREPAVEMENT INTERACTION - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Title: THREE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF SAFE TIREPAVEMENT INTERACTION


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CUPGA CANADIAN USER PRODUCER GROUP FOR ASPHALT
NIAGARA FALLS
NOVEMBER 2007
FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVEMENTS
GET A GRIP
JOHN EMERY
PRESIDENT JEGEL GROUP, TORONTO ADJUNCT
PROFESSOR, McMASTER UNIVERSITY
jemery_at_jegel.com
www.jegel.com
THREE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF SAFE TIRE-PAVEMENT
INTERACTION DURING A WET WEATHER, HIGH SPEED,
ABORTED TAKEOFF, FOR INSTANCE
GEAR/THRUST REVERSER/BRAKE/TIRE SYSTEMS OPTIMIZED
BY AIRCRAFT DESIGNERS AND TIRE MANUFACTURERS
FLIGHT CREW OPTIMIZED THROUGH RIGOROUS TRAINING
AND SIMULATION
RUNWAY SURFACE FRICTION
THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE OF ALAIN DUCLOS AND
JESSICA HERNANDEZ OF JEGEL IS GRATEFULLY
ACKNOWLEDGED
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PERFORMANCE-RELATED SURFACE CONDITION
PARAMETERS WORLD ROAD ASSOCIATION (PIARC)
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 4.2 ROAD VEHICLE INTERACTION

• SYNTHESIS OF PERFORMANCE-RELATED SURFACE
  CONDITION MEASUREMENTS FOR PARAMETERS
  (PROPERTIES) TYPICALLY USED FOR ACCEPTANCE OF
  ROAD WORK
• SHORT TERM (AS CONSTRUCTED OR REHABILITATED)
• LONGER TERM (WARRANTY, PERFORMANCE-RELATED
  CONTRACTS AND MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS, FOR
  INSTANCE)
• ENROUTE PERFORMANCE-BASED SURFACE CONDITION
  MEASUREMENTS
• INCLUDING MEASUREMENT METHOD, METHODOLOGY,
  QUALITY AND REPORTING
• CURRENT, TRENDS/FUTURE, LOW TECH AND HIGH
  TECH
• INTERPRETATION AND USER GUIDELINES FOR THE
  ACCEPTANCE PARAMETERS
• RECOMMENDATIONS ON ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA (NOT
  SPECIFICATIONS)
• PARAMETERS REVIEWED AND ACCEPTED FOR
  INTERPRETATION, USER GUIDELINES AND ACCEPTANCE
  CRITERIA
• SMOOTHNESS (INTERNATIONAL ROUGHNESS INDEX, IRI)
• IRREGULARITIES (BUMPS)
• SURFACE CONDITION (DISTRESSES CRACKING,
  TEXTURE, SEGREGATION, RAVELLING/RUTTING,
  FLUSHING, OTHER?, TYPICALLY AS A PAVEMENT
  CONDITION INDEX)
• PERMEABILITY
• FRICTION
• NOISE (PARTICULARLY URBAN)
• DEFLECTION (STRUCTURAL CONDITION)
• OTHERS? (REFLECTANCE, FOR INSTANCE)
• ABILITY TO INCORPORATE NEW SURFACE CONDITION
  FEATURES SUCH AS TOP-DOWN CRACKING

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FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVEMENT
SURFACES ROADS, HIGHWAYS AND AIRPORTS
THERE IS MUCH RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

• FOR INSTANCE, WORK WITH INTELLIGENT
  TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

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INTERACTION OF TIRES WITH PAVEMENT SURFACES
JEGEL

• TIRE DESIGN IS OPTIMIZED FOR ANTICIPATED SERVICE
  CONDITIONS
• MUCH TIRE DEVELOPMENT CARRIED OUT FOR HIGH
  PERFORMANCE
• CAR RACING AND AIRCRAFT LANDING
  CONDITIONS
• INTEGRITY OF TIRE STRUCTURES AND FRICTION VALUES
  OPTIMIZED
• ALL THE CONTROL FUNCTIONS OF A ROAD VEHICLE ARE
• TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE TIRES (SOME
  AERODYNAMIC
• EFFECTS AT HIGH SPEEDS)
• RACE CAR DRIVERS AND PILOTS, ARE WELL PAID FOR
  DRIVING SKILLS

MOLSON INDY LAKE SHORE BOULEVARD STONE
MASTIC ASPHALT
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INTERACTION OF TIRES CONTINUED

• TIRES ARE A KEY COMPONENT OF VEHICLES AND
  AIRCRAFT
• WHERE THE RUBBER MEETS THE PAVEMENT
• TIRE MATERIAL AND TREAD PATTERN OPTIMIZED TO
• INTERACT WITH PAVEMENT SURFACE
  MICROTEXTURE FOR
• HIGH FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE AT ALL SPEEDS
• TIRE PATTERN OPTIMIZED TO INTERACT WITH PAVMENT
• SURFACE MACROTEXTURE TO PROVIDE BULK WATER
• DRAINAGE ESSENTIAL AT HIGH SPEEDS

BOEING 777 NOTE TIRE - PAVEMENT LANDING
FRICTION
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FACTORS INFLUENCING HIGHWAY SAFETY
SPEED
SIZE
MASS DISTRIBUTION
GALLAWAY AND EPPS, ASCE, 1972
DYNAMICS
CORNERING
OTHERS
VEHICLE
RUBBER COMPOSITION
THREAD PATTERN
LOAD
TIRE
HIGHWAY SAFETY
SURFACE CONSTRUCTION
CONTACT AREA
SURFACE MAINTENANCE
PRESSURE
AGGREGATE TYPE
CORD ANGLE
BINDING AGENT
MACROTEXTURE
PLIES
SURFACE TEXTURE
MICROTEXTURE
ROAD ROUGHNESS
PAVEMENT
ROADWAY
SURFACE CONTAMINATION
GEOMETRICS
TEMPERATURE
INTERSTECTION
HAPPY
SUPER-ELEVATION
DEPRESSED
CROWN
DRIVER
DRINKING
GRADE
DRUGS
CURVATURE
SIGHT
CROSS SLOPE
REFLEX
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ONTARIO ROAD SURFACE CONDITION BY CLASS OF
COLLISION, 1996
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REDUCTION OF POTENTIAL SKIDDING SITUATIONS

• THREE POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES
• RELATED TO
• DRIVER, VEHICLE/TIRES AND ROAD SURFACES
• IMPROVED DRIVER AWARENESS OF SLIPPERY SITUATIONS
  TO ALLOW APPROPRIATE ADJUSTMENTS IN DRIVING HABIT
  SUCH AS REDUCING SPEED TO THAT COMPATIBLE WITH
  THE AVAILABLE SKID RESISTANCE
• IMPROVED VEHICLE/TIRE DESIGN TO RESIST SKIDDING
  THROUGH ANTI-LOCKING DEVICES AND MODIFICATIONS TO
  TIRE CONSTRUCTION, TREAD PATTERN, COMPOUND, ETC.
• IMPROVED ROAD SURFACES THROUGH CHANGING
  AGGREGATES AND/OR MIX DESIGNS TO ENHANCE
  FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE

KRAKOWSKI, EMERY AND PALOMBELLA, CTAA, 1976
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PARTIALLY HYDROPLANING TIRE
ON FLOODED RUNWAY PAVEMENT
TIRE
VELOCITY
WATER
PAVEMENT SURFACE
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ZONE 1 BULK WATER (FLUID) DRAINAGE THROUGH
MACROTEXTURE ZONE 2 THIN WATER (FLUID) FILM
DRAINAGE THROUGH MICROTEXTURE ZONE 3 DRY
CONTACT REGION
USAF, SWIFT, 2000
BULK FLUID DRAINAGE IS IMPORTANT TO MAINTAINING
TIRE PAVEMENT ADHESION (FRICTION) AT HIGH
SPEEDS
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MICROTEXTURE
COURTESY OF HUMBLE EQUIPMENT COMPANY
INC. SKIDABRADER TM
MAGNIFICATION OF ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPH 40X
MICROTEXTURE DESCRIBES THE MICROSCOPIC ANGLES AND
POINTS ON BEDDING MORTAR GRANULES AND ON THE FACE
AREAS OF EXPOSED AGGREGATE. THIS TEXTURE
RUPTURES THE THIN FILM OF WATER THAT CLINGS TO
THE SURFACE AFTER THE MACROTEXTURE HAS EVACUATED
THE RUNNING WATER. THESE WELL DEFINED EDGES
PROVIDE A TOOTH PATTERN THAT WILL ALSO ENHANCE
SURFACE FRICTION IN DRY WEATHER. (HUMBLE)
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MACROTEXTURE
COURTESY OF HUMBLE EQUIPMENT COMPANY
INC. SKIDABRADER TM
NO MAGNIFICATION OF ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPH
MACROTEXTURE IS THE GEOMETRIC RUGOSITY THAT IS
QUITE OBVIOUS AND VISIBLE. IT PROVIDES SURFACE
CANALS THAT ALLOW WATER TO ESCAPE FROM BETWEEN
THE TIRE AND ROAD DURING WET WEATHER. THE MORE
MACROTEXTURE DEPTH AVAILABLE, THE GREATER THE
RESISTANCE TO HIGH SPEED HYDROPLANING. THE SAND
PATCH TEST, DESCRIBED IN ASTM DESIGNATION
E965-83, CAN MEASURE MACROTEXTURE DEPTH.
TIRE-PAVEMENT FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
CORRELATE GENERALLY WITH THESE TESTS.
(HUMBLE)
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TEXTURE
POSITIVE TEXTURE
MICROTEXTURE (TEXTURE OF THE STONE)
MACROTEXTURE (OVERALL TEXTURE OF ROAD)
NEGATIVE TEXTURE
VOIDS
ASPHALT BINDER
ADAPTED FROM AA, 2005
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GENERALIZED ILLUSTRATION OF SCALE OF TEXTURE
SURFACE
MACRO (LARGE)
MICRO (FINE)
ROUGH
HARSH
ROUGH
POLISHED
SMOOTH
HARSH
POLISHED
SMOOTH
CREECH 1981
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INTERACTION OF PAVEMENT SURFACE IRREGULARITIES
AND TIRE/SUSPENSION SYSTEMS
PIARC C1, 1995
NOTE WHILE DEVELOPED FOR ROAD SURFACES,
GENERALLY APPLICABLE FOR RUNWAY SURFACES
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SOME ARE HAPPY WITH WATER, SNOW AND ICE BUT NOT
THE TIRE - PAVEMENT INTERFACE
WINTER PAVEMENT CONDITIONS ARE VERY IMPORTANT
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MEASUREMENTS OF MICROTEXTURE AND MACROTEXTURE
JEGEL
MICROTEXTURE PORTABLE PENDULUM METHOD NOTE THE
SURFACE IS GENERALLY TESTED IN THE WET CONDITION
MACROTEXTURE SAND PATCH METHOD OUTFLOW METER
METHOD
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MEASUREMENT OF AIRPORT FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
FRICTION MONITORING WITH GRIP TESTER JEGEL USES
THE GRIP TESTER FOR BOTH HIGHWAY AND AIRPORT
FRICTION MONITORING
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WHILE THE AIRPORT FOCUS IS GENERALLY ON THE
FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNWAY PAVEMENT
SURFACES, IT IS IMPORTANT TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE
FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR ALL AIRSIDE
PAVEMENT SURFACES
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TYPICAL AIRPORT CORRELATION AND FRICTION RATING
FOR EQUIPMENT READINGSNOMINAL TEST SPEED 65 KM/H
ADAPTED FROM GREENE, AFCESA, SWIFT 2001
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RUNWAY FRICTION MONITORING WITH GRIPTESTER
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ENHANCED TIRE/PAVEMENT INTERACTION

• OF THE THREE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF SAFE
  TIRE/PAVEMENT INTERACTION DRIVER/FLIGHT CREW,
  GEAR/THRUST REVERSER/BRAKE/TIRE SYSTEMS AND
  RUNWAY SURFACE FRICTION
• THE PAVEMENT ENGINEER PLAYS A KEY ROLE WITH THE
  TIRE-PAVEMENT SURFACE INTERFACE PROVISION AND
  MAINTENANCE OF APPROPRIATE LEVELS OF
  MICROTEXTURE, MACROTEXTURE, SURFACE WATER
  DRAINAGE, AND SNOW AND ICE CONTROL
• WHILE THE IMPORTANCE OF SNOW AND ICE CONTROL IS
  CLEARLY RECOGNIZED, IT WILL NOT BE COVERED HERE.
  PLEASE REVIEW ACTIVITIES OF CAPTG FOR INSTANCE
• PROVIDE HIGH FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC SURFACES
• CONSTRUCT NEW SURFACE WITH THE DESIRED PROPERTIES
• SELECTION OF MATERIALS
• MIX TYPES AND DESIGNS
• CONSTRUCTION METHODS
• REMEDIATION OF OLD SURFACE WITH POOR FRICTIONAL
  CHARACTERISTICS
• TREAT SURFACE
• OVERLAY SURFACE

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HMA TYPES WITH ENHANCED FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES
JEGEL
SUPERPAVE SURFACE COURSE
STONE MASTIC ASPHALT
OPEN GRADED FRICTION COURSE
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FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF WEARING COURSES
COMPARED TO DENSE GRADED ASPHALT CONCRETE
NOTE WHILE DEVELOPED FOR ROAD SURFACES,
GENERALLY APPLICABLE FOR RUNWAYS
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ENHANCED MACROTEXTURE AND SURFACE DRAINAGE
JEGEL
GROOVED ASPHALT CONCRETE SAPPORO, JAPAN
GROOVED CONCRETE
DIAMOND GROUND CONCRETE
PEARSON RUNWAY 06/24 BEFORE HMA OVERLAY
TYPICAL RUNWAY PAVEMENTS
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RESTORING RUNWAY ASPHALT PAVEMENT MICROTEXTURE
AND MACROTEXTURE
JEGEL
SKIDABRADER RESTORING MICROTEXTURE AND
MACROTEXTURE TO RUNWAY ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT,
CFB TRENTON
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RESTORING RUNWAY ASPHALT PAVEMENT SKID ABRADER
JEGEL
CLOSEUP OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT SURFACE
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THIN SURFACINGS TO RESTORE FRICTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
JEGEL
MICRO-SURFACING TO IMPROVE TAXIWAY SURFACE
CONDITION AND FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS CFB
COLD LAKE
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THIN SURFACINGS TO RESTORE FRICTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
JEGEL
CLOSEUP OF RUNWAY MICROSURFACING QUEBEC AIRPORT
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LOW INITIAL FRICTION FOR SOME SURFACE COURSE HMA
TYPES WITH THICK ASPHALT BINDER FILMS
SOME SMA AND OGFC FOR INSTANCE CURRENT ASPHALT
TECHNOLOGY ISSUE IN ONTARIO BEING STUDIED BY
MTO/OHMPA WITH THE LEADERSHIP OF KAI TAM
TRUE GRIT WHITE SMA? YES AND ITS FRICTIONAL
TOO GRITTING (SANDING WITH FRICTIONAL FINE
AGGREGATE) IS USED ON GERMAN SMA (VERY HIGH
ASPHALT BINDER CONTENTS) PRIOR TO TRAFFIC USE.
THIS GRITTING ENHANCES THE INITIAL FRICTION
HMAT JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2004
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LOW INITIAL FRICTION CONTINUED
IN THEIR 1991 CTAA PAPER DEVELOPMENT OF STONE
MASTIC MIXES FOR ONTARIO USE CARRICK, MACINNES,
DAVIDSON, SHENK AND EMERY INDICATED AFTER
PLACEMENT AND COMPACTION, SMA HAS A COARSE (OPEN)
SURFACE TEXTURE CHARACTERIZED BY GOOD COARSE
AGGREGATE MACROTEXTURE (LARGE, ROUGH,
DEPRESSIONS) THAT PROVIDE EXCELLENT FRICTIONAL
PROPERTIES (SKID RESISTANCE) OVER TIME.
HOWEVER, WITH THE RICH MASTIC INVOLVED, THERE MAY
BE A PERIOD OF TRAFFIC ACTION REQUIRED TO WEAR
THE BINDER FILM OFF THE COARSE AGGREGATE IN ORDER
TO DEVELOP MICROTEXTURE. IF THIS IS OF CONCERN,
AN ASPHALT CEMENT PRE-COATED SAND OR HOT SAND
APPLICATION CAN BE USED TO PROVIDE ENHANCED
FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES UNTIL MICROTEXTURE IS
DEVELOPED.
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, THERE ARE ALSO CONCERNS
WITH LOW INITIAL FRICTION WITH THICK BINDER FILMS
(SMA FOR INSTANCE) GRIT IS USED TO ENHANCE THE
EARLY FRICTION (TRL, 1998) THERE IS ALSO RESEARCH
IN PROGRESS ON DRY FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
(BULLAS, FOR INSTANCE) IN FRANCE, A
MICRO-INCRUSTATION PROCESS HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO
IMPROVE THE EARLY LIFE FRICTION (SETRA, 2007)
THICK BINDER FILM
MICRO-INCRUSTATION MATERIAL
THICK BINDER FILM
COARSE AGGREGATE PARTICLE
COARSE AGGREGATE PARTICLE
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ASPHALT PAVEMENTS

• STRONG
• DURABLE
• SMOOTH
• ECONOMIC
• SECURE
• SAFE

QUESTIONS?
COURTESY OF EJL
ANY USE OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IS SUBJECT TO
THE USER CAREFULLY EVALUATING ITS APPLICABILITY
TO THE SPECIFIC SITUATION AND CONDITIONS INVOLVED
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