Human Anatomy

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Human Anatomy

• The Female Reproductive System

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Overview
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Overview
Ovaries suspended by 3 ligaments
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Ovaries

• 1 sex organ produces sex cells
• Sex cells --- eggs, ova (ovum, sng.)
• Ovaries appear around 13 weeks
• 1 million eggs migrate into each ovary during 2nd
  trimester (13 26 wk.)
• Thats all the eggs a female will ever generate.
• Half disappear by birth (1/2 mil.)
• Half disappear by puberty
• At puberty, ovulate 1 egg/28 days

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Ovary
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What is a Follicle?

• An egg (ovum) surrounding cells
• Surrounding cells -- follicle cells
• Follicle cells produce estrogen and progesterone

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Follicle Development

• Day 1 -- 1 follicle recruited (first day of
  menses or first day of the females period)
• Day 4 -- 2 follicle
• Day 8 -- 3 follicle (tertiary)
• Day 14 ovulation

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Ovulation
Egg is released, not the follicle cells
Day 14
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Oviduct (Uterine Tube)
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Oviduct

• About 5 inches long
• Begins with finger like projections fimbriae
• Fimbriae define the opening of the oviduct
  infundibulum
• Lined with ciliated epithelium
• Most common site of fertilization
• Egg takes about three days to reach the uterus
• Opens into the uterus

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Ciliated Epithelium
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Oviduct (Uterine Tube)
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID)

• Major cause of sterility and ectopic pregnancy
• Infection of the uterine tubes (oviduct) causes
  scarring
• 850,000 women each year in US
• Mostly caused by STDs gonorrhea and Chlamydia
• IUDs increase risk of PID
• Symptoms may include fever, lower abdominal pain
  and elevated white blood cell count
• antibiotics

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Oviduct and Uterus
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Uterus

• Functions
• Nutritional support and protection of the
  embryo/fetus
• Expulsion of fetus during labor
• Muscular/hollow organ
• Shape of an upside down pear
• About half the size of a pear

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Uterine Wall and Cavity
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Uterine Wall

• Consists of three layers (outer to inner)
• Perimetrium CT
• Myometrium smooth muscle, thickest layer,
  contractions expel fetus
• Endometrium
• Glands and vascular, shed every 28 days
• Thickness changes during 28 day cycle
• Site of implantation of fertilized egg

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Uterine Wall and Cavity
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Regions of the Uterus

• Fundus most superior
• Body major portion
• Cervix
• Most inferior portion
• Projects into posterior vagina
• Possesses cervical canal (birth canal)
• Very muscular with tough CT
• Fornix shallow recess around cervix but part of
  the vagina

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Cervical Cancer

• Most common reproductive cancer in women 15-34
  years old.
• Early stages are asymptomatic.
• A Pap smear is recommended yearly for women in
  their early 20s, then every 1 3 years until 65
  years old.
• Pap smear looks at a sample of scraped epithelial
  cells of the cervix.
• 1 risk factor is history of multiple sex
  partners
• Thought to be caused by viral infection from male

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Uterine Wall and Cavity
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Vagina
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External Genitalia
Vulva the area enclosing the external genitali
a
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External Genitalia

• Labia majora
• Lateral folds of skin
• Hair follicles
• Oil and sweat glands
• Same structure as scrotum
• Meet superiorly to form mons pubis
• Mons pubis raised area of skin above vulva
  because of adipose tissue

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External Genitalia

• Labia minora
• Medial folds of skin
• No hair follicles
• Highly vascular
• Gives vulva pinkish appearance
• Meet superiorly to form foreskin of clitoris

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External Genitalia
clitoris
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External Genitalia

• 3. Clitoris
• Shares many similarities to penis
• Erectile tissue (capable of erection)
• Highly innervated
• Does not incorporate urethra

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External Genitalia

• Hymen
• skin fold
• surrounding
• opening to
• vagina

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Mammary Gland
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Mammary Glands

• Function is lactation production of milk
• Divided into 12 lobes
• Each lobe has a duct collects milk and opens onto
  the surface of the nipple.
• Nipple is raised area in middle of gland to
  accommodate all ducts
• Nipple surrounded by pigmented region of skin
  called the areola.
• Suspensory ligaments connect underlying muscle
  with skin, provide support for the gland

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Mammary Gland