CAT II/III Workshop

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CAT II/III Workshop

• Flight Operations View

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CAT II/III Flight Operations View

• General Concepts ICAO/JAA/FAA
• Approval Process
• Aircraft Requirements
• Aerodrome Requirements
• Air Operator

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CAT II

• CAT II DHlt200 (60m)gt100(30m) and RVR gt 1200ft
  (350m) (JAA 1000 (300)
• Sufficient visual reference for a manual landing
• Equivalent level of safety by
• airborne equipment
• ILS Facility

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CAT II

• Equivalent level of safety by
• visual aids
• flight crew training/procedures
• ATC procedures
• aircraft maintenance
• airfield maintenance
• criteria for obstacle clearance

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CAT III

• ICAO/FAA - CAT IIIA DH lt100(30m) or no DH and RVR
  gt 700ft (200m) (JAA always DH)
• ICAO/FAA - CAT IIIB DH lt50ft (15m) or no DH RVR lt
  700ft (200m) not lt150ft (50m) (JAA 250ft(75m))
• ICAO/FAA - CAT IIIC 0/0 (No JAA)

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CAT III

• Not sufficient references to permit visual
  landing
• Minimum to allow pilot to decide whether aircraft
  will land in touchdown zone (CAT IIIA) and ensure
  safety during roll-out (CAT IIIB)
• Desired level of safety achieved with more
  stringent requirements

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DH/DA

• Decision altitude/height (DA/H) - is the wheel
  height above the runway elevation by which a
  go-around must be initiated unless adequate
  visual reference has been established and the
  aircraft position and approach path have been
  assessed as satisfactory to continue the approach
  and landing in safety (JAA)

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Decision Height

• JAA - for CAT II and CAT IIIA the visual
  reference to contain not less than a 3 light
  segment
• JAA - CAT IIIB visual reference to contain one
  centreline light

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Alert Height

• Alert Height - height above runway based on the
  characteristics of the aeroplane and its fail
  operational automatic landing system, above which
  a CAT III approach would be discontinued and a
  missed approach initiated if a failure occurred
  in one of the redundant parts of the automatic
  landing system, or in the relevant ground
  equipment

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Alert Height

• Fail-operational automatic landing system - if in
  the event of a failure, the approach, flare and
  landing can be completed by the remaining part of
  the automatic system.
• Fail-passive automatic landing system - in the
  event of a failure there is no significant
  deviation of aeroplane trim, flight path or
  altitude but the landing will not be completed
  automatically.

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Alert Height

• Go-around above Alert Height for failures (AFM)
  affecting fail operational system
• Below Alert Height continue except for Autoland
  warning
• Height evaluated during certification - typically
  100 - 200feet
• Operators can select lower Alert Height

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RVR

• Runway Visual Range - range over which a pilot of
  an aircraft on the centreline of the runway can
  see the runway surface markings or the lights
  delineating the runway or identifying its
  centreline
• Transmissometers strategically located
• Three basic portions of runway - the touchdown
  zone (TDZ), the mid-runway portion (MID) and the
  rollout portion or stop end

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RVR

• For CAT II TDZ required
• For CAT III TDZ and Mid required
• For lowest weather FAA requires all
• For CAT III with no DH JAA require only one
• RVR is not the Slant Visual Range (SVR) seen by
  the pilot

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RVR Minima

• Pilots require 1-3 seconds to establish visual
  contact
• To establish lateral position pilots required to
  see not less than three lights
• To maintain lateral most pilots require to be
  able to see a lateral element of ground pattern
• Vertical plane - see a point which has low
  apparent movement relative to the aircraft

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RVR Minima

• Establish an RVR to to be associated with that DH
  to ensure required visual reference is
  established
• Correlation between visual segment SVR - RVR
• Eye position is important
• Landing lights can obscure required visual
  reference in CAT III

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Minimum Approach Break-off Height

• MABH is the lowest height above ground measured
  by radio-altimeter such that if a missed approach
  is initiated without external references
• in normal operation, the aircraft does not touch
  the ground during the procedure
• with an engine failure it can be demonstrated
  that an accident is extremely improbably

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Minimum Approach Break-off Height

• Used by JAA but being phased out
• Replaced by minimum DH or indication in AFM of
  altitude loss during automatic go around - either
  MABH or altitude loss in AFM can be use to
  determine minimum DH in CAT III operation

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Types of Minima

• Airfield Operating Minima - established in
  accordance with aerodrome OCH
• Operator Minima - Lowest minima approved by
  authority for use by an air operator
• Crew Minima - lowest for a crew depending on
  their qualification/experience
• Aircraft minima - demonstrated during aircraft
  certification and found in the AFM

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Approval Process
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Regulatory Approval
Aircraft
Aerodrome
Safety
Flight Crew
Air Operator
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Topics

• Aircraft Requirements
• Aerodrome Requirements
• Air Operator
• Approval Process

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Aeroplane and Equipment
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Aeroplane and Equipment Certification

• Aircraft requires CAT II/III approval
• Operational approval is required
• JAR AWO section 1 (Autoland), Section 2 CAT II
  and section 3 (CAT III)
• FAA AC20-57A (autoland), AC 120-29 (CAT II) and
  AC 120-28D (CAT III)

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Aeroplane and Equipment Certification

• Equipment listed in AFM to be operative
• MEL indicate status of CAT II/III
• Automatic landing certification requires
  simulations, assessments and flight test
• Touchdown, roll-out, automatic landing with
  various configurations and conditions tested

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Aeroplane and Equipment Certification

• Successful approach
• No system failure from 150m
• Speed maintained /- 5 knots (no turbulence)
• Position of the aircraft between 90m and the DH -
  deviation of Glide path and Localizer do not
  exceed the values for excess deviation alerts

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Aerodrome Requirements

• Standards and Recommendations from ICAO Annex 10
  (ILS) and ICAO Annex 14 (Aerodrome) are
  internationally accepted
• Additional requirements/variants may be found in
  national regulations
• Summary view of typical CAT II/III airfield

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Aerodrome Requirements - Runway

• Runway length - operational requirement
• Runway width - normally lt 45m
• Slope 1st/last quarter lt 0.8
• Auto Landing - maximum 2 per 30m in area just
  before threshold (60m by 200m)
• Objects on runway strip - nil within 60m of
  centreline (except frangible)
• Taxi-holding positions not lt 90m

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Aerodrome Requirements Visual Aids -Aerodrome

• Markings centreline, touchdown, taxiway,
  taxi-holding position markings
• High intensity threshold, runway end lights,
  runway touchdown zone lights and runway
  centreline lights, taxiway centreline lights if
  lt400m visibility, stop bars lt400m visibility

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Aerodrome Requirements Visual Aids - Approach

• Approach Lights required for CAT II only
• Extended centreline, side row, crossbar

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Aerodrome RequirementsObstacle Clearance Area

• Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height (OCH/OCA) -
  lowest height above threshold (aerodrome) used in
  establishing compliance with appropriate obstacle
  clearance criteria
• Minimum DH for CAT II cannot be less than
  established OCH/A
• OCH/A is a function of aircraft category

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Aerodrome RequirementsObstacle Clearance Area

• Obstacle Free Zone
• airspace above inner approach surface, inner
  transitional and balked landing surfaces and that
  portion of the strip
• not penetrated by obstacles except frangible
  mounted required for air transportation purposes

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Aerodrome RequirementsILS Facility

• Three categories (Annex 10)
• 60m (200ft) for CAT I
• 15m (50ft) for CAT II (acceptable to be used for
  CAT III with the highest minima (DH notlt 50ft)
• Runway surface and along the runway for CAT III

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Aerodrome RequirementsILS Facility

• ILS Critical Area - aircraft/vehicles are
  excluded during all ILS operations because they
  will cause disturbances to ILS signal
• ILS Sensitive Area - area extending beyond the
  critical area where movement and/or parking of
  aircraft and vehicles is controlled to prevent
  the possibility
• ILS beam to be protected by longitudinal
  separation

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Aerodrome RequirementsRVR Measurements

• Number depend on type of operation
• Generally 110 to 150m from centreline
• Nominally 5m-10m in height
• ICAO recommends readout of 50m increments when
  RVR less than 800m and 25m increments when RVR
  less than 150m
• Normally ATC give Mid unless the others lower

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Aerodrome RequirementsMaintenance

• of unserviceable lights not to exceed 5
• Recommended not adjacent lights
• Secondary power supply with switchover of maximum
  of 1 second
• ILS installations ground and flight checked

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Aerodrome RequirementsATC

• Each Aerodrome to develop Low Visibility
  Procedures to include
• Procedures for ATC to be quickly informed of all
  degradations of ILS performance
• Procedures for ATC to be quickly informed of any
  degradations in visual aids
• Procedures for protection of OFZ by control of
  ground traffic

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Aerodrome RequirementsATC

• Each Aerodrome to develop Low Visibility
  Procedures to include
• Procedures for protection of ILS critical and
  sensitive areas and between aircraft
• Procedures for met services
• Procedures for maintenance
• Procedures for security

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Air Operator Approval
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Air Operator Approval

• Aircraft type - AFM (Certification)
• Aerodrome equipment - qualify
• Aerodrome Operating Minima
• Flight Crew Training
• Flight Crew Procedures
• Maintenance Program
• Operational Demonstration

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Air Operator Approval Minima

• Operator take account of
• aircraft performance
• composition of flight crew
• runway which may be used
• adequacy of visual and non-visual aids
• aircraft navigation equipment
• obstacle clearance height
• availability of met reports

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Air Operator Approval CAT II DH

• Air Operator to ensure DH not lower than
• DH specified in the AFM
• Minimum DH to which precision approach can be
  used
• The OCH for category of aircraft
• The DH for which the flight crew is authorised
• 100ft(30m)

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Air Operator Approval CAT III DH

• An air operator to ensure that DH not lower than
• Minimum DH in the AFM
• Minimum DH to which the precision approach can be
  used
• The DH to which the crew is authorised

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Air Operator Approval CAT II/III RVR

• ICAO/JAA/FAA slight differences
• RVR Minimum related to DH
• Increase DH Increase RVR
• For RVR values less than 300m a go-around is
  assumed in event of auto-pilot failure

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Air Operator ApprovalFlight Crew Procedures

• Satisfactory check of aircraft equipment
• Effect on minima of failures - aircraft and
  ground
• Procedures for approach, flare and roll-out
• Procedures for failures/warnings
• Minimum visual reference
• Importance of correct seating eye position
• Action to take if visibility deteriorates

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Air Operator ApprovalFlight Crew Procedures

• Allocation of crew duties to permit PIC to devote
  himself to supervision/decision making
• Calls below 200ft - one pilot on instruments at
  all times
• Requirement for localizer area to be protected
• Use of information relating to wind, turbulence
• Procedures to use for practice approaches
• Information on maximum deviation allowed

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Air Operator ApprovalFlight Crew Procedures

• Flight preparation procedures
• Approach preparation procedures
• Approach Procedures
• Failures and associated actions
• Continue
• Revert to higher minimum
• Go Around and reassess

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Air Operator ApprovalFlight Crew Procedures

• Failures - Continue/Revert/Go Around
• gt 1000 Continue with higher DH if conditions met
• lt 1000 Go around and reassessment
• Below AH go around required for autoland warning
• Abnormal Procedures
• Provided in AFM
• Simplified procedures found in FCOM

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Air Operator ApprovalFlight Crew Training

• CAA requirements to be met
• Ground training requirements
• Simulator Training requirements
• Initial, recurrent, conversion training/checking
• Type and command experience

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Air Operator ApprovalMaintenance

• Airbus aircraft CAT II/III inherent functions
• Air operator required to seek approval from CAA
• Specific maintenance program
• Reliability program to be extended to monitor,
  track and control - gt 95

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Air Operator ApprovalMaintenance

• Procedures to govern the capability of aircraft
• Upgrading/downgrading procedure to be defined
• Dispatch policy based on MEL
• Dispatch criteria and status recorded in the
  Technical Log
• Requirements for tests to verify the CAT III
  capability to be established

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Air Operator ApprovalOperational Demonstration

• To establish that the air operator can carry out
  CAT II/III with the appropriate success rate and
  level of safety
• Performance and reliability meet airworthiness
  certification
• Attention given to flight and maintenance
  procedures

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Air Operator ApprovalOperational Demonstration

• Flight reports and/or recordings
• Recordings required for DH lt 50ft
• Resulting approach/landing success rate
• Unsuccessful approaches due to ATC factors and/or
  ground facility difficulties may be excluded if
  proofs provided

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Air Operator ApprovalOperational Demonstration

• Data Collection Crew Report
• airfield and runway used
• weather conditions
• time, adequacy of speed control
• out of trim
• capability of information (FD, AFCS, raw)
• position through 100 ft and at touchdown
• reason for failure if approach aborted

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Air Operator ApprovalOperational Demonstration

• New Type
• 6 months at 200ft with procedures for lower
  limits in place
• Summary report to indicate to 90 confidence
  level that 95 would be successful
• No failure for 30 approaches
• then 6 months at 50 ft with procedures for lower
  limits in place

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Air Operator ApprovalOperational Demonstration

• New Type
• then 6 months at 50 ft with procedures for lower
  limits in place
• summary report to indicate to 90 confidence
  level that deviations are not worse than recorded
  during the certification programme
• typically 100 landings
• sources of data distributed evenly

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Air Operator ApprovalContinuos Monitoring

• Continue to provide reports of service
• Number of approaches, by type where CAT II or III
  equipment was utilised to make satisfactory,
  actual or practice approaches to the applicable
  CAT II or III minima
• Unsatisfactory approaches by aircraft/airfield
• Detect any decrease in the level of safety

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Air Operator ApprovalAutoland in gt CAT I

• Training purposes or data gathering
• CAT I beam - to be checked
• Terrain profile to be checked
• Generally accepted without activation of low
  visibility procedures
• Crew authorisation to be required
• Crew procedures established
• Vigilant for ILS disturbances

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Questions/Comments