F16

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Aeronautical Systems Center
Rapidly delivering war-winning capability
Critical Mission-Centric Interoperability Issues
for FutureDefense Training and Simulation
Requirements19 April 2004
Dr. Keith W. Jones Lead Standards
Engineer Training Systems Product Group CAF DMO
OI IPT ASC/YWI DSN 785-9660 Ext
3389 Keith.Jones2_at_wpafb.af.mil
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OUTLINE

• PURPOSE
• WHAT IS A STANDARD?
• DEFINITIONS
• WHAT IS CAF DMO?
• Standards Development Process
• Machine-centric
• Mission-centric
• Human-centric Knowledge Transfer, Combat
  Readiness,
• Contextual Instruction, Learning Process and
  Blooms Taxonomy
• CAF DMO LEVELS OF STANDARD COMPLIANCE
  FIDELITY,
• RESOLUTION AND GRANULARITY
• CAF DMO NEGOTIATION BETWEEN DOC, NOC AND
  FEDERATE SYSTEM
• PROVIDERS
• SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• WAY AHEAD

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PURPOSE

• Define CAF DMO
• Establish a common understanding of the CAF DMO
  standards process
• Establish need for thinking about CAF DMO from
  machine-, mission- and human-centric
  perspectives as oppose to viewing it (only) from
  traditional machine-centric perspective
• Establish CAF levels of standard compliance for
  fidelity, resolution and granularity
• Discuss negotiation decision-making process
  between CAF DMO FSPs and DOC and NOC

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WHAT IS A STANDARD?
A standard is a documented agreement,
established by a consensus of subject matter
experts and approved by a recognized body, that
provides rules, guidelines or characteristics to
ensure that materials, products, processes and
services are fit for their purpose.American
National Standards Institute
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DEFINITIONS

• Biomimetics the interdisciplinary study of
  natural processes to learn how to improve
  man-made materials it is mimicking designs we
  find in nature and trying to learn from them.
  Centralization of pragmatic life/work issues
•   Contextual Instruction is applied
  instruction, hands-on experience in a shop or
  laboratory or combat centralization of pragmatic
  life/work issues integration of academics with
  real-life experiences personalization of
  instruction visualization of abstract ideas
  demonstration of utility provision of factual
  knowledge on a "need-to-know basis removal of
  the knowledge-intimidation factor.
• DMO Operations Center (DOC) operates from a
  secure facility located in the NOC and is capable
  of conducting and coordinating classified details
  of DMO Events.
• Episodic memory is knowledge of a thing in
  time.
• Ergonomics is the science of refining the
  design of products to optimize them for human
  use. Human characteristics, such as height,
  weight, and proportions are considered, as well
  as information about human hearing, sight,
  temperature preferences, and so on. Ergonomics is
  sometimes known as human factors engineering.
• Human-centric situated at or near center of
  anything related to or characteristic of human
  beings.
• Human Factors (also known as ergonomics) is
  the study of how humans behave physically and
  psychologically in relation to particular
  environments, products, or services.
• Knowledge Transfer Case where journeyman,
  instructor, makes abstract ideas and concepts
  visible to learners (or trainees) as they come to
  understand the utility of the concept and ways to
  apply it to a task.
• Machine-centric situated at or near center of
  any mechanical or electrical device that
  transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist
  in the performance of human tasks
• Mission-centric situated at or near center of
  anything related to special assignment that is
  given to a person or group.

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WHAT IS CAF DMO?
CAF DMO is an ongoing program whose purpose is to
simultaneously and collectively train
geographically dispersed pilots, using the same
and/or different air vehicle simulators.
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WHAT IS CAF DMO?
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CAF DMO EFFORT
DMO Evolution 1
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Standards Development Process
CAF DMO Standards Maintenance Plan 1
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Machine-centric
Engineering Design Simulator Software Layers 3
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Machine-centric
Standards Category Standard
Interface Standards Network DMT Tailored DIS Reference Federation Object Model
Integration Process Standards Event Control Security Conformance Testing Data Collection
Federate System Performance Standards Technical Performance Synthetic Natural Environment (SNE) Threat Representation and CGFs (TRCGF) Common Models Visualization
CAF DMO Standards 1
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Mission-centric
F-15s being refueled by KC-135.
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Human-centric
F-16 Virtual Cockpit
A conceptual framework for managing human
interaction with physical artifacts and digital
information 4.
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Human-centric Blooms Taxonomy

• Three types of learning cognitive, affective and
  psychomotor
• Cognitive knowledge, comprehension, analysis,
  synthesis and evaluation
• Affective receiving phenomena, responding to
  phenomena, valuing, organization and
  internalizing values
• Psychomotor perception, set, guided response,
  mechanism, complex overt response, adaptation and
  origination

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Human-centric Blooms Taxonomy
Domains and their associated processes
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Human-centric Dales Cone of Knowledge
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Human-centric v. Biomimetics

•      "Fuzzy logic" uses electronic circuits to
  process information that cannot be
• precisely measured or predicted,
• Unlike conventional digital logic, which deals
  only with hard facts and numbers
• Fuzzy logic circuits are used successfully to
  control a variety of equipment,
• ranging from washing machines to aircraft
•       Artificial Neural Networks, organizes
  digital ICs into large arrays of
• microprocessors, so that they operate like the
  neurons in the brain.
• Unlike fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks
  can improve their performance through experience
  
• They also have powerful associative memory
• Like a person, artificial neural networks can
  retrieve large blocks of information when
  prompted by a few details

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LEVELS OF STANDARD COMPLIANCE

• Levels of Standards Compliance (LSC) is defined
  as the DMO OI IPTs effort to develop a basic
  level standard and guideline for determining how
  a federate simulator can join a federation of
  simulators.
• Low-level training will be necessary between
  the F-15C or F-16 aircraft and the KC-135
• High-level training is necessary for trainees
  at the individual, four-ship, intra- and
  inter-team (F-15C and F-16) levels

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LEVELS OF STANDARD COMPLIANCE
TABLE 1.0 Notional Criterion for
Establishing LSC for SNE, Weather Effects, CGF,
and Cultural Features  
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LEVELS OF STANDARD COMPLIANCE
TABLE 1.1 Notional Criterion for
Establishing LSC for Fidelity  
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LEVELS OF STANDARD COMPLIANCE
TABLE 1.1 Notional Criterion for
Establishing LSC for Resolution 
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LEVELS OF STANDARD COMPLIANCE
TABLE 1. Notional Criterion for Establishing LSC
for Granularity  
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NEGOTIATION
Comparison of CAF DMO Negotiation Process to
Multi Agent System Simulator 2
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SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS

• One-to-one relationship between increases in
  LSC level and granularity and resolution as they
  relate
• to simulation fidelity of cultural and weather
  effects and ability to transmit, detect, ID RF
• emissions and determine situation awareness
• Need to look at training from machine-,
  mission- and human-centric perspectives
• Need to look at distributed system development
  for training from living system theory
  perspective
• Machines learn, people learn and missions
  become more complex
• Negotiation between entities and federates must
  be thought out and compared to prospective
• outcomes
• Decision-making process might be necessary

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WAY AHEAD

• View CAF DMO as integration of 4 systems MTCs,
  humans, networks and threats/CGFs
• More work needs to be done concerning
  simulation interoperability
• More work needs to be done concerning minimum
  level of communication between simulators
• More emphasis needs to be placed on
  characteristics of learning cognitive, affective
  psychomotor
• AI might be considered for recognizing pattern
  adaptation
• During simulator or simulation integration
  development integrate machine-, mission- and
  human-centric

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REFERENCE

1. Daum and M. Aldinger, Collaborative Approach to
   Achieving Interoperability in DMT, presented at
   Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Hyatt
   Orlando Hotel, Kissimmee, FL, 2003
2. Multi-Agent Systems Lab, http//dis.cs.umass.edu/r
   esearch/mass/
3. Givens and D. OQuinn, Migration of an
   Engineering Design Simulator to the High Level
   Architecture, IEEE
4. Lee and T. Jeng, A Context Manager for Tangible
   Media Design Presentation A Human-centric
   Interaction Approach, Automation in
   Construction, Vol 12, No. 5, Sep, 2003, pp.
   487-493

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BACKUP CHARTS
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SIMULATION TRANSFORMATION PLAN METHODOLOGY
The simulator transformation plan methodology