Dairy Industry

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Dairy Industry
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Products

• Milk
• Butter
• Cheese
• Ice Cream
• Lactose(Sugar)
• Whey
• By Products
• Meat

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Holstein-Freisian

• Origin
• The Netherlands
• Characteristics
• Largest dairy breed in the U.S. by population
• Highest average milk production of all the dairy
  breeds
• Moderate fat and protein components

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Jersey

• Origin
• Island of Jersey
• Characteristics
• Second largest breed in the U.S.
• Known for their feed efficiency and high
  components of fat and protein

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Brown Swiss

• Origin
• Switzerland
• Characteristics
• Once considered a dual purpose breed
• Today - a more refined dairy type animal, capable
  of producing more milk and maintain high
  components

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Guernsey

• Origin
• Island of Guernsey
• Characteristics
• Know for their refinement and stature
• Capable of producing milk with high fat and
  protein content

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Ayrshire

• Origin
• Ayr, Scotland
• Characteristics
• Considered intermediate among all of the dairy
  breeds for milk production

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Milking Shorthorn

• Origin
• England
• Characteristics
• In the U.S., developing as a more refined dairy
  cow, producing more milk

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2003 5153 9935 5501
288,841 69,244 2892 381,566
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Udder Suspension and Support

• Tissue weight 25-60 pounds
• Milk - 50 pounds
• Breaking away of udder
• 4 glands
• 60 in back 2 quarters

Skin
Lateral Suspensory
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Gland Structure
Enlarged in next slide
Alveoli

• Teats tube of skin
• Annular ring
• Teat cistern
• Streak canal
• Milk Collection
• Teat cistern
• Gland cistern
• Large milk ducts

Milk Ducts
Large Milk Ducts
Gland Cistern
Annular Ring
Teat Cistern
Gland Cistern
Annular Ring
Streak Canal
Teat Cistern
Streak Canal
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Milk Production

• Alveoli basic milk production unit
• Single alveolus
• 1 million/cubic inch
• billions/udder
• Separate blood supply to each alveolus
• Epithelial cells next slide

Gland Cistern
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Milk Production

• Epithelial cells
• line alveolus
• blood constituents to milk components
• some transfer, some unique synthesis
• fat, lactose, casein, minerals, vitamins, etc
• all cells make all milk constituents not
  specialized!!

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Milk Production

• Myoepithelial cells
• contract to force out milk - oxytocin
• capillary ducts to large milk ducts to gland
  cistern

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Udder Structure and Development

• Begins in fetus
• Birth to puberty
• minor development fat
• After puberty
• Estrogen duct development
• Progesterone secretory tissue development
• Large increase in size before calving as fills
  with milk
• milk production by prolactin nesting behavior
• high estrogen and progesterone contribute here

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Hormonal Control of the Mammary Gland

• Ovarian Hormones
• Estrogen and progesterone
• Adrenal Hormones
• Cortisol
• Thyroid Hormones
• Thyroxin
• Pituitary Hormones
• Prolactin, GH, Oxytocin
• Nerve impulse -udder to hypothalamus!!
• Social cues for anestrus/letdown

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Milk letdown
Feed
Milkers hands
Young
Milking Equipment
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Lactation Curve
Can we alter this curve??
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Lactation and Nutrient Intake

• Negative energy balance in early lactation
  large decrease in BW
• Positive balance in later lactation gain weight
• Dry period

Negative
Positive
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Milk Components
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Efficiency of mammary gland

• e.g. Cow that produces 14,500 lbs. milk in a year
• 523 lbs. fat
• 674 lbs. sugar
• 477 lbs. protein
• 109 lbs. vitamins and minerals
• This equals 1783 lbs. of food!!
• Equivalent to 2.5 beef carcasses
• Blood supply 500 lbs. blood flow/ 1 lbs. milk
• 60 lbs. milk 15 tons of blood

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WHALE???