Articulations

1
Articulations

• How we all come together

2
What are articulations?

• Joints, or where two bones meet

3
Joints have two functions

• Hold bones together
• Provide mobility
• Joints are the weakest part of your skeleton

4
Classification of joints

• Structure
• Function

5
Functionally

• The amount of movement they allow
• Synarthroses
• Amphiathroses
• Diarthroses

6
Synarthritic

• No movement. Very tight between joints. Fibrous
  joints.
• Sutures of the skull
• Gomphosis, roots of teeth united with bone
• Syndesmosis , fibio tibular joint
• Most have a zig zag patttern, cannot come undone

7
Amphiarthritic joints

• Slight movement, cartilaginous joints
• Symphysis, pubic symphysis
• Ribs and sternum

8
Diarthritic

• Also known as synovial joints. These are freely
  moveable joints.
• Knees, hips, wrist, shoulder, etc.
• Most have capsules between the joints to cushion
  and lubricate. Fluid is called synovial fluid.

9
Structurally

• How bones are held together
• Fibrous bones are connected by cartilage
• sutures
• Cartilaginous bone ends connected by cartilage
• Pubic symphysis
• intervertebral joints of spinal colum
• Synovial articulating bone ends are separated
  by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
• All ball bearing joints

10
Fibrous

• No joint cavity
• Fibrous tissue unites bone to bone

11
Cartilaginous

• United by a plate of hyaline cartilage
• No joint cavity, little or no movement
• Chief function is to allow growth
• Epiphyseal plates (growth plates)

12
Synovial

• Uniaxial
• Biaxial
• Multiaxial

13
The movement at the joints stimulates the flow of
synovial fluid. This is why it is so critical to
take part in some sort of physical activity all
of your life. To maintain healthy joints,
movement is necessary.
14
Some major joints

• Temporomandibular Joint
• Glenohymeral (shoulder)
• Coxal
• Tibiofemoral

15
Temporomandibular

• The only movable joint in the head

16
Glenohumeral

• Multiaxial
• Has a greater range than any joint in the body
• Dislocated more than any other joint

17
Coxal

• Multiaxial
• Hip bone
• One of the most secure, strong and stable
  articulations in the body

18
Tibiofemoral

• The largest and most complex joint
• The most vulnerable to injury
• Three synovial joints
• In the center of the knee
• Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
• Strong cords that cross like an X
• ACL taut when extended, slack when flexed
• Prevents backward dislocation of femur
• Most often torn

19
When things go wrong

• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Gouty arthritis
• Bursitis
• Temporomandibular
• Tendonitis
• Sprain

20
Sprains

• Ligaments or tendons reinforcing joint are
  damaged by excessive stretching or torn away from
  the bone. They heal slowly because of the poor
  blood supply.

21
Bursitis

• Also called water on the knee because of the
  inflammation of bursae
• Bursa are sacs of lubricant fluid that act as
  ball bearings to reduce friction between adjacent
  structures
• Bursitis inflammation of bursa
• Bunions enlarged bursae

22
(No Transcript)
23
Arthritis

• Refers to over 100 different inflammatory or
  degenerative diseases that damage the joints.
• Acute arthritis usually result from bacterial
  invasion

24
Two most familiar types of arthritis

• The most common type of arthritis is
  osteoarthritis which deteriorates the articular
  cartilage
• Rheumatoid, the crippling type

25
Gout

• Bone ends will fuse and the joint becomes
  immobilized.

26
An auto immune disease

• A disorder in which the bodys immune system
  attempts to destroy its own tissues
• Lupus. In the arthritis family, but does not
  confine itself to joints
• Tends to set up in organs like liver and kidneys
• No major symptoms will be shown immediately.
  Because of this, it could result in death if not
  detected in time

27
Cruciate ligament injuries
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
Effects of aging

• With age synovial fluid usually decreases
• Articular cartilage thins
• Ligaments become shorter and less flexible

31
(No Transcript)
32

• An X-Ray of a knee with osteoarthritis.
• Look at the very small amount of cartilage
  between the bones

33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
Arthroscopy

• Looking into a joint
• Permits a surgeon to place a lighted scope about
  the size of a pencil into a joint capsule to view
  the structural damage and do surgery

37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)