For high power solutions, APC offers Delta Conversion Online

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For high power solutions, APC offers Delta
Conversion On-line
Delta Conversion on-line

• On-line technology
• Pure sinusoidal output power
• Maximum protection against spikes, surges, sags
  and power break-down
• Optimum system efficiency
• Full-rated output available in kW
• Input power factor corrected to 1
• No harmonic feed-back to
• power line
• Small footprint
• Diesels best friend
• 200 overload capability
• Energy losses lt 4

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Off-line UPS
What is a UPS ?
Input voltage
critical
Output voltage
UPS

• Off-line definition
• The UPS is sleeping in normal mode
• At power failures, power will drop out in 5-20
  mSec, until the UPS wakes up.

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On-line UPS
What is a UPS ?
Input voltage
Output voltage
APC Silcon Series on-line

• On-line definition
• The UPS is active in normal mode.
• The UPS is constantly regulating the output
  voltage without any interruption or variations.

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UPS technologies...
Delta Conversion On-line

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Vs
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Double Conversion
UPS-technologies
Inverter
Charger
Input power
Load
Battery

• Low efficiency
• due to losses from 2 conversions
• High level of harmonics fed-back to power line
  due to no linear input current
• 30 input current distortion
• Low input power factor
• valid for most high power UPSs

• True on-line system
• Fully regulated output voltage
• Pure sinusoidal output power
• Maximum protection against spikes, surges, sags
  and power break-down
• Can run as frequency converter

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Double Conversioncontrol loops
UPS-technologies
Charger
Inverter
Input power
V battery sense
V out sense
Load
Feed-back loop for battery charging controls the
charging
Feed-back loop for output voltage regulation
controls inverter pulse width modulation.
Battery
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Double Conversioncontrol loops
UPS-technologies
Static by-pass switch
Backfeed
Contactor
THD Filter
Transformer
Option
Option
Rectifier/Charger
Main Inverter
Battery
The AC - DC Conversion is a variable current
source. It controls the input power (watts) by
controlling the DC bus voltage magnitude
The DC - AC Conversion is a fixed voltage
source. It controls output voltage
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Delta ConversionOn-line UPS
UPS-technologies
Input Power
Main Inverter
Delta Inverter
Load
Battery

• True on-line system
• Fully regulated output voltage
• Pure sinusoidal output power
• Maximum protection against spikes, surges, sags
  and power break down
• Input PF 1
• High efficiency
• No harmonics feed-back to the
• power line

• Cant run as a frequency converter

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Delta ConversionOn-line UPS control loops
UPS-technologies
Delta-inverter
Main inverter
Input Power
Load
V out sense
V battery sense
Battery
Feed back loop for output voltage
regulation. Controls the inverter pulse width
modulation.
Feed-back loop for battery charging and input
current regulation. Controls the pulse width
modulation for the Delta inverter.
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Delta ConversionOn-line UPS control loops
UPS-technologies
By-pass static switch
Main Static
Switch
Back-feed
Contactor
Delta
Main Inverter
Delta Inverter
Transformer
Battery
The Delta Converter is a variable current
source. It controls the input power (watt) by
regulating the DC bus voltage.
The Main Converter is a fixed voltage source. It
regulates the voltage to the load.
The Delta Converter also controls the input power
factor to unity (1.0pf) by controlling the input
current phase angle to match the input voltage
phase angle.
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Delta ConversionOn-line UPS control loops
UPS-technologies
By-pass Static Switch
Power Balance Point
Main Static
Switch
Backfeed
Contactor
Delta
Main Inverter
Delta Inverter
Transformer
Battery
As the input is always power-factor-corrected,
power (watts) flowing through the "Power Balance
Point" can be expressed as Power (P) Voltage
(V) x Current (I)
where Power (P) Power in watts
Voltage (V) The main inverter voltage at power
balance point
Current (I) Current flowing through the primary
of the Delta transformer
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APC Silcon SeriesDelta Conversion On-line

• On-line technology
• Pure sinusoidal output power
• Maximum protection against spikes, surges, sags
  and power break downs
• Optimum system efficiency
• Full-rated output available in kW
• Input power factor corrected to 1
• No harmonic feed-back to
• power line
• Small footprint
• Diesels best friend
• 200 overload capability
• Energy losses lt 4

whats the trick..?
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APC/Silcon series - power flow
UPS-technologies
Mains input
Delta Inverter
1. Normal operation
Load
Main Inverter
2. Regulated operation
3. Battery operation
Battery
4 Recharge battery
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Definition of On-line Technology
No interruption of output voltage
Inverter is always working
Constantly regulated output voltage
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APC Silcon Series Operation
Normal
Battery
Input Voltage
Input Current
Output Voltage
Output Current
Power failure at 100 load on APC Silcon Series
Delta Conversion On-line technology
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APC Silcon Series Operation
Normal
Bypass
Input Voltage
Input Current
Output Voltage
Output Current
Inverter failure at 100 load on APC Silcon
Series Delta Conversion On-line Technology
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APC/Silcon series - Load Step
Input voltage
Output voltage
Input current
Output current
100 load step 0
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APC/Silcon series - Load Step
Input voltage
Output voltage
Input current
Output current
load step 100 0
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Two-way Filter

• Delta Conversion
• On-line
• 1. The load is protected
• against harmonics from
• the power line
• 2. Harmonics from unlinear
• (SMPS) load are filtered
• out (No harmonic feed-
• back to the power line)

CH 1 Input voltage CH 2 Input current CH 3
Output voltage CH 4 Output current (100 SMPS
load)
CH 1 Input voltage CH 2 Output voltage
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Two way filter

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The Energy-saving Trick...
Double Conversion
Delta Conversion On-line
5th Floor
5th Floor
4th Floor
4th Floor

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Power-Flow Analysis... nominal voltage
Voltage 100
100
100
0
Current 100
100
100
Power 100
100
100
Delta
Main Inverter
Delta Inverter
Transformer
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Power-Flow Analysis... -15 voltage
100
Voltage 85
100
15
100
Current 115
115
100
Power 100
115
15
15
Delta
Main Inverter
Delta Inverter
Transformer
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Power-Flow Analysis... 15 voltage
100
15
Voltage 115
100
85
Current 85
100
85
Power 100
100
15
15
Delta
Main Inverter
Transformer
Delta Inverter
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Power-Flow Analysis... battery charging
Voltage 100
100
100
0
Current 110
110
100
Power 110
110
100
10
10
Delta
Main Inverter
Delta Inverter
Transformer
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Power-Flow Analysis... - voltage (example)
230 V
Voltage 209,1 V
230 V
20,9 V
100 A
Current 110 A
110 A
23000 W
Power 23000 W
25300 W
2300 W
2300 W
Delta
Main Inverter
Delta Inverter
Transformer
2300 W 230 V x 10 A
2300 W 104,5 V x 22 A
2x384 Vdc
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Power-Flow Analysis... voltage (example)
230 V
Voltage 255,6 V
230 V
25,6 V
100 A
Current 90 A
90 A
23000 W
Power 23000 W
20700 W
2300 W
2300 W
Delta
Main Inverter
Delta Inverter
Transformer
2300 W 230 V x 10 A
2300 W 127,7 V x 18 A
2x384 Vdc
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Diesel Generator Delta Conversion On-line
Smaller diesel generator can be used due to
CH1
CH2
CH 1 Input current (0-100) during soft start CH
2 Frequency variations on diesel
generator during soft start.
Soft start no load step for the
generator UPS APC Silcon 480kW with 480 kW
load Diesel Generator 625kVA/500kW
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APC Silcon Series Principle Diagram
Delta
Main Inverter
Transformer
Delta Inverter
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Delta Conversion On-line Main Inverter
Delta
Main Inverter
Transformer
Delta Inverter

• Main Inverter
• 4-Quadrant Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
• Controls output voltage
• Charges batteries
• Supplies load during battery operation

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Delta Conversion On-line Delta Inverter
Delta
Main Inverter
Transformer
Delta Inverter

• Delta inverter
• 4-Quadrant Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
• Controls input current
• Controls battery charging
• Makes up for any differences between in- and
  output voltage
• Regulates input power factor

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Delta ConversionOn-line UPS control loops
UPS-technologies
Delta inverter
Main inverter
Input Power
Load
V battery sense
V out sense
Battery
Feed-back loop for output voltage
regulation. Controls the pulse width modulation
for the Main Inverter.
Feed-back loop for battery charging and input
current regulation. Controls pulse width
modulation for the Delta inverter.
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Delta Conversion On-lineBasic Configuration
Half-bridge 4Q-inverter
4Q Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
Iout
1. Inverter
2. Charger
I
out
Vout
3. Inverter
4. Charger
V
out

• Basic Configuration
• 4Q-PWM Inverter is capable of distributing energy
  
• in either forward or reverse direction, which
  means that the
• inverter can work as a charger as well.
• In the UPS we use fly-back diodes to pass energy
  to the batteries.

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H-Bridge Inverter
H-Bridge Inverter More IGBTs are used, 4 in
total, therefore higher losses occur.
Silcon series Inverter - ½ H Bridge Inverter Less
IGBTs are used, 2 in total, therefore lower
losses occur.
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PWM signal
DC
0
- DC
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Delta Conversion On-line Forward mode / Inverter
mode
Positive periods
Negative periods

• Forward mode / Inverter mode
• Current flowing out of inverter
• Inverter building sinusoidal output voltage
• Switching of inverter controlled by control
  loop.
• Control loop senses output voltage and compares
  it to the
• reference. Any differences will make changes in
  the PWM switching
• signals to make corrections very quick.

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Delta Conversion On-lineReverse mode/ rectifier
mode
Positive periods
Negative periods

• Reverse mode / rectifier mode
• Current flowing in to inverter
• Inverter still building sinusoidal output
  voltage
• The switching of the inverter is controlled by
  the same control loop
• as in forward/inverter mode.
• The current is now flowing through the fly-back
  diodes to the batteries

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Delta Conversion On-lineBattery Charging
Battery Charging
Input power 110
Output power 100
Battery Power 10
We cannot store energy in a point
Due to Kirchoff law, the energy will flow to the
battery, as the energy has to be in balance.
Batteries are charged by passing energy
through Inverter fly-back diodes
Delta
Main Inverter
Delta Inverter
Transformer
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Delta Conversion On-lineMain Inverter
4 Q Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
Main Inverter

• Main Inverter
• Constant voltage regulation
• Output voltage is kept to a reference
• Basically, it is a PI-regulation, where the
• actual value is compared to a reference.
• The result is given to the controller, which
• will adjust the voltage.
• The constant voltage control results in a
• low internal impedance.

PWM
Output voltage ref.
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Delta Conversion On-lineDelta Inverter
4 Q Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter
Battery
Delta Inverter

• Delta Inverter
• Constant Current Regulation
• The Current is kept to a reference
• Basically it is a PI-regulation, where the
• actual value is compared to a reference.
• The result is given to the Controller, which
• is adjusting the Current.
• The reference is calculated according to the
  load and the charge level of the batteries
• The constant current regulation results in a
• high internal impedance.

PWM
Battery voltage ref.
Input current ref.
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Delta Conversion On-lineStatic Switch

• 2 Static Switches
• The static switches consist of
  anti-parallel-connected Thyristors.
• 2 static switches one main and one by-pass
  switch.
• Purpose of Static Switch
• By-pass static switch ensures uninterrupted
• transfer to power supply in case of overload
  or
• inverter failure.
• Main static switch ensures that the UPS will
  not feed back into the power lines, upon power
  failure
• during battery operation

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Delta Conversion On-lineMain Static Switch

• Main Static Switch
• Main Static switch consists of anti-parallel
  connected thyristors
• Each thyristor is controlled separately
• This facility is possible thanks to the unity
  power factor
• This ensures that the Silcon DP300E has no
  feed-back to the
• power lines in case of a short circuit

Short circuit in period 1 Power Line Thyristor
2 will be off and cannot carry current towards
the short circuit. Thyristor 1 is conducting the
current into the Silcon DP300E, but the thyristor
cannot conduct current in the opposite direction
- it works as a diode.
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Delta Conversion On-lineBy-pass Static Switch

• Bypass Static Switch
• Bypass Static switch consists of
  anti-parallel-connected thyristors
• The thyristors are controlled in pairs.
• In by-pass operation there is no regulation of
  the power factor so both
• thyristors need to be energized at the same
  time.

Due to overlapping voltage and current,
thyristors need to be energized in pairs
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Delta Conversion On-lineFinal Components

• Final components...
• Back feed protection contactor...
• Same purpose as main static switch, but with
  physical separation
• Filters on input and output
• Used to suppress harmonic contents of voltages
  and currents in the unit, caused by the load and
  the switching in the inverter.

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Delta Conversion On-lineThe circuit diagram -
the total system
Total system...
Bypass SSW
L
L
Input Power
Output Power
Main SSW
N
N
Battery
Delta Inverter
Main Inverter
PWM
PWM
Battery voltage ref.
Sync.
Output voltage ref.
Crystal
contr.
Input current ref.
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APC Silcon Series Delta Conversion On-line

• On-line technology
• Pure sinusoidal output power
• Maximum protection against spikes, surges, sags
  and power break down
• Optimum system efficiency
• Full-rated output available in kW
• Input power factor corrected to 1
• No harmonic feed-back to
• power line
• Small footprint
• Diesels best friend
• 200 overload capability
• Energy losses lt 4