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Science v Engineering

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Our technological society has blurred the distinction between the two and sees ... Example: Sherry Hight study. Corrupt Science. Falsified Data ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Science v Engineering


1
Science v Engineering
  • Scientists are not engineers
  • Science Systematic and related pursuit of facts
    of such
  • Engineering Practical use of facts, use of
    science
  • Facts Proof, not invariant
  • Truth Invariant, permanent and unchangeable
  • Self-evidences Common sense realities

2
Science
  • Deals with facts, never truth or common sense
  • Relies on use of Disbelief
  • Epoche Suspension of Disbelief
  • Two types
  • Basic Science Derived from theory
  • Applied Science Derived from practical science
  • Our technological society has blurred the
    distinction between the two and sees them both as
    the same

3
What Technological Society sees as Science
  • Pseudo-science
  • Shoddy Science
  • Corrupt Science
  • Industrialized Science

4
Pseudo-science
  • Industry redefines the science of anything
  • The surge in pseudo-science mirrors the
    technological age.
  • One example Poultry Science
  • There is no theory of poultry.

5
Shoddy Science
  • Any type of science done poorly
  • Quantity of it is more now than ever
  • Procedures determine the shoddiness of the
    science
  • Example Sherry Hight study

6
Corrupt Science
  • Falsified Data
  • A much larger problem than we realize
  • Example Project Camelot
  • Example Third Reicht

7
Industrialized Science
  • 80 of applied science is this
  • 30-40 of science is industry funded
  • Increasing industrialization of science
  • The business of industrialized science is one of
    the technological science
  • Profit or efficiency becomes the debate
  • The conversion to industrialized science is
    politicized science as in science run by the
    state (USSR)

8
Myths of Technology
  • Improves Productivity
  • Creates scientific discoveries without
    innovations to increase productivity
  • Gives us leisure time

9
Innovation and Invention
  • Invention Bright idea, something new but not
    necessariy useful
  • Innovation Adapted and diffused invention
  • Technological lag period of time between
    invention and its innovation or diffusion
  • Intellectual Lag Period of time between idea and
    its use of it

10
Application
  • Lag Time for household appliance
  • Before 1920 24 years
  • 1939-1959 8 years
  • Now Months
  • Goal of Research and development is to reduce lag
    time

11
Process of Adopting Technology
  • Awareness No longer random with influence of
    media
  • Interest usually indicates favorable disposition
  • Evaluation Cost/benefit analysis and opportunity
    costs measured
  • Trial Free samples, test drives
  • Adoption Purchasing innovation

12
Factors Influencing Resistance
  • Cultural Resistance
  • Psychological Resistance
  • Economic Resistance
  • Ideological Resistance
  • Dislocations and Complexities
  • Vested Interest
  • Irrational Resistance

13
Cultural Resistance
  • Cultural Inertia, some cultures predisposed to
    slowness
  • Clash of innovation with cultural values

14
Psychological Resistance
  • Habit Individual equivalent to cultural inertia
  • Fear Of the new, of change and of unknown
  • Ignorance Lack of Knowledge of innovation

15
Economic Resistance
  • Too expensive
  • Low quality product
  • Or combination of above

16
Ideological Resistance
  • Politically defined
  • Spiritually defined
  • Gender defined

17
Vested Interest
  • Profit
  • Opportunity Costs
  • Politically powered pressure

18
Irrational Resistance
  • Unexplainable
  • Residual Reasons

19
Stimulations and Retardations for Adoption
  • Relative Advantage Degree to which innovation is
    superior to idea or innovation it superseded
  • Compatibility Degree to which innovation is
    consistent with moral values and past experiences
    of adopters
  • Complexity Relative difficulty and ease of using
    innovation
  • Divisibility Degree to which innovation can be
    tried on small scale
  • Communicability Degree to which innovation can
    be tried, described or shared with others

20
Adopters of Technology
  • Innovators Rash and daring, first people to use
    innovation, some predisposed to technological
    diffusion
  • Early adopters Prominent localites
  • Early majority Most of us, bulk of them fairly
    educated
  • Late majority
  • Laggard Correlations to age and socio-economic
    status

21
Measures of Technological Innovations
  • Inputs to process
  • Intermediate outputs
  • Performance of product
  • Amounts of various inputs required for production

22
Economic Measures of Technological Innovation
  • Economic growth
  • Productivity
  • Inflation
  • Employment
  • Balance of trade
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