Does Gender Matter

1
Does Gender Matter?

• Dr Nicola Graham-Kevan
• University of Central Lancashire

2
Overview

• Do men differentially target women?
• Is patriarchy the cause on male IPV
• What are the risk factors for male IPV
• Are men more controlling than women
• Longitudinal research on risk factors for IPV in
  men women

3
Do Men Target Women?

• Women are less likely than men to be victims of
  violence most violence against women is not IPV
  (BSC, 2006/07)
• When men (and women) aggress their victims are
  typically MEN not women
• Some analysis suggests that a man is less likely
  to use violence against his wife during a
  conflict than he is to use it against a stranger
  (Felson, 2002)
• Internationally, rates for violence against women
  are much lower than rates of violence against
  men, although they do correlate r.88 (Dijk,
  Mayhew Killias, 1990 WHO, 1995)

4
Evidence for Sex-Similarity

• Archer (2000) Meta-analysis use of IPV
• 82 studies (approx 65,000 men women)
• Women gt to use one or more act of physical
  aggression to use frequently
• Men gt to inflict injury (62 of those injured
  were women)
• Archer (2006) cross-national meta-analysis
• Longitudinal studies (see Dutton, 2007, for
  review)
• Fieberts 2007 bibliography gt 200 studies
• Counter evidence? Sample on your DV e.g. Dobash
  Dobash (2004)

5
Mens IPV Patriarchy

• Little support for relationship between
  patriarchy IPV (Sugarman Frankel, 1996)
• The contribution of hostile talk about women
  to later partner aggression was relatively
  small when concurrent antisocial behaviour was
  controlled (Capaldi et al., 2001 70)

6
Oregon Youth Study (Capaldi et al., 2001)
7
(No Transcript)
8
Stith et al (2004)

• Exosystem risk factors
• Moderate Life stress
• Weak Age SES, Unemployed, low income
• Microsystem risk factors
• Strong Use of emotional abuse forced sex
• Moderate Past history of violence marital
  satisfaction
• Weak Jealousy
• Ontogentic risk factors
• Strong Illicit drug use approval of use
  violence
• Moderate Traditional sex-role ideology,
  anger/hostility, alcohol abuse, depression
• This meta-analysis provides support for the
  importance of examining intimate partner violence
  from a multifactorial perspective.

9
Behavioural Control IPV

• Women with partners who exhibit patriarchal
  dominance (through preventing access to the
  family income, for example) have far higher odds
  of IPV (Brownridge, 2002)
• Stark (2007) the pattern of intimidation,
  isolation and control is unique to mens abuse
  of women (p.102)
• Johnsons typology
• Graham-Kevan Archer (2003a 2003b), Johnson
  (1999 Johnson Leone, 2000)
• Limitations of previous studies Sampling on
  the DV Felson (2006)

10
Gender Symmetry in Controlling Behaviours

• Graham-Kevan Archer (2005) 399 men 951 women
  Gender symmetry even with same profile as 2003
  study
• Replicated Bates Graham-Kevan (2007) 11607 men
  14267 women
• Meta-analysis of controlling behaviour
  (Graham-Kevan, Archer Coyne, in preparation)
• Controlling behaviours BIP members
  (Graham-Kevan Hamel, in preparation)
• Controlling behaviour male victims
  (Graham-Kevan et al., ongoing study)

11
Control Emergence of the Next Explanation?

• If no sex-differences
• Then the use of controlling behaviours must be
  different for men and women? (e.g. Dasgupta,
  1999)
• IPV literature mens controlling behaviours
  co-occur with beliefs about aggression,
  hostility, personality disorder (e.g. Dixon
  Browne, 2003 Holtzworth-Munroe Stuart, 1994)

12
Control Beliefs about Aggression (Archer
Graham-Kevan, 2003)

• IPV perpetrators 57 men 58 women EXPAGG, CBS-R
• Control similarly related to instrumental beliefs
  in both men women

13
Control Reactive/Proactive Aggression (Knight
Graham-Kevan, 2007)

• 142 men women
• Raine et al Proactive/Reactive Aggression Scale
• Control related to reactive IPV proactive IPV
• Rs between .55 .50

14
Entitlement (Tottle Graham-Kevan, 2005)

• 50 men 50 women
• CBS, Interpersonal dependency (Hirschfield et al
  1997), Entitlement Attitudes Scale (Nadkarni et
  al 1989)
• Control related to Dependency, entitlement
  particularly narcissistic expectations/self
  promotion

15
Trait Aggression (Hall Graham-Kevan, 2004)

• 54 women and 46 men
• CTS, CBS, B-D AQ
• Control strongly related to assault, indirect
  aggression, irritability, negativity, resentment,
  suspiciousness, verbal hostility guilt (rs
  between .50 and .81)

16
Control, IPV PD (Graham-Kevan, 2007b)

• 100 men 175 women
• IPDE-SQ, CBS, CTS
• Control related to IPV, paranoid, borderline (men
  only), antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic
  (women only)
• rs between .77 .28

17
Longitudinal Studies IPV

• Longitudinal studies (e.g. Daly et al., 2000
  Ehrensaft et al. 2004 2006 Giordano, et al.,
  1999 Moffitt et al., 2001 Serbin, et al., 2004)
  
• individuals (men women) who go on to
  perpetrate partner violence are more stably
  impulsive, angry, self-centered and experience
  greater affective instability (Ehrensaft, et
  al., 2006 480)

18
Conclusions

• Lack of sex-differences in IPV, control or
  IPV/Control typology
• Control related to proactive/instrumental
  aggression, hostile beliefs, trait aggression
  personality disorder traits
• Suggests those who use Control IPV have similar
  profiles to other aggressive offenders
• Not all IPV is the same Functional Analysis
• Interventions should be based on risk factors
  (Gilchrist, Johnson, Takriti, Weston, Beech
  Kebbell, 2003)

19

• ngraham-kevan_at_uclan.ac.uk