DEVIANCE

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DEVIANCE

• HATE CRIME

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• TRADITIONALLY ASSOCIATED WITH RACISM HOWEVER
• HATE CRIME TAKES ON MANY DIVERSE FORMS
• CROALL AND WALL (2002) CRIMES AGAINST THOSE WHO
  ARE DIFFERENT SUCH AS ETHNIC GROUPS, THE GAY
  COMMUNITY, VULNERABLE WOMEN, DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS
  GROUPS AND THOSE SUCH AS TRAVELLERS WHOSE
  LIFESTYLES ARE PERCEIVED TO BE DIFFERENT

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DEFINITIONS

• PROBLEM - DEFINING VICTIMISATION AS RACIALLY
  MOTIVATED.
• LEGAL DEFINITION1985 Association of Chief Police
  Officers (ACPO) definition of a racial incident
  as
• "Any incident in which it appears to the
  reporting or investigating officer that the
  complaint involves an element of racial
  motivation or any incident which includes an
  allegation of racial motivation made by any
  person".

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• MACPHERSON REPORT
• VICTIMS DEFINITION
• OFFENDERS DEFINITION

5
HISTORY

• JEWS
• GAY COMMUNITY
• GYPSIES
• IRISH
• BLACK
• ASYLUM SEEKERS

6
EXPLANATIONS

• PANAYI (1993) HOSTILITY TOWARDS AN OUT GROUP.
• EXASPERATED BY RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND SPARKED BY
  A PARTICULAR INCIDENT
• OTHER FACTORS ARE PART OF THE ISSUE
• BIOLOGICAL SUPERIORITY?
• INFLUENCE OF COLONIALISM -
• STRUCTURAL CONSTRAINTS - SOCIO ECONOMIC EG
  UNEMPLOYMENT , POVERTY, LACK OF EDUCATION

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Ray, Smith and Wastell (2001) -

• RACIST VIOLENCE INTERRELATED WITH SOCIAL FACTORS
• STUDY IN GREATER MANCHESTER USING 40 OFFENDERS
• RESULTS HATE CRIME STEMMED FROM-
• UNEMPLOYED
• DEPRIVED AREA
• POOR WHITE ESTATES
• 2/3 NO EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
• DISRUPTED FAMILY BACKGROUNDS
• FELT THAT WHITE CULTURE DEVALUED
• RESENTMENT OF ASIAN BUSINESS SUCCESS
• NOT POLITICALLY MOTIVATED BUT EMOTIONALLY
• CHARGED

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IMMIGRATION

• (SOLMOS AND BLACK1996)
• THE INDIGINOUS POPULATION FEEL INSECURE
• RACISM INTERTWINED WITH OTHER SOCIAL PHENOMENA
• THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA

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INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA

• POWERFUL TOOL
• MEDIA REVOLUTION AND THE POWER OF THE WWW
• HATE GROUPS -
• COMBAT 18
• KU KLUX KLAN
• BNP (AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE OLDHAM RIOTS)
• IN DRAMATIC WAYS, HATE GROUPS THREATEN TO EXTEND
  THE IMMEDIATE MEMBERSHIP. THEIR MANTRA OF
  INTOLERANCE IS GAINING CONSIDERABLE LEGITIMACY IN
  LIGHT OF THE CHANGING MESSENGERS AND MEDIA THAT
  CARRY THEIR MESSAGE(PERRY 2001)
• THIS HAS FACILITATED NEO NAZI NETWORKS AND A
  SHARING OF IDEAS AND IDEOLOGIES

10
HOMOPHOBIA

• LESLIE MORAN 2002 INCLUDES PHYSICAL VIOLENCE,
  THREATS, HARASSMENT AND VERBAL ABUSE
• HOMOPHOBIC CRIME IN A HOMOPHOBIC CULTURE IS NOT
  ILLEGAL (MORAN)
• HAPPENS NEAR AND AROUND THE HOME OF THE VICTIM
  OFTEN BY PEOPLE KNOWN TO THEM THEREFORE STRANGER
  DANGER IS NOT THE PROBLEM
• SEXUALITY IS NOT AS VISIBLE AS THE COLOUR OF SKIN

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POLICE RESPONSE

• HM (1981) HOME OFFICE REPORT ON RACIAL VIOLENCE.
• HIGHLIGHTS PROBLEMS WITH- POLICE STATISTICS,
  REPORTING RESPONSES, RESPONDING TO RACIAL
  HARASSMENT.
• HOME OFFICE REPORT ON RACIAL ATTACKS (LAYTON AND
  HENRY 84) FOUND
• ASIAN 50X MORE LIKELY TO BE ATTACKED THAN WHITES
• BLACK 36X
• POLICE STATISTICS INCREASE OF 175 BETWEEN 1988
  1994
• BCS OVER HALF OF THE VICTIMS OF RACIAL HARASSMENT
  DID NOT REPORT IT
• The Crime and Disorder Act 1998
• Racial Incidents Reported to the Police (all
  forces in England and Wales)  

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• Racial Incidents Reported to the Police (all
  forces in England and Wales)  

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VICTIMS

• RODNEY KING
• STEPHEN LAWRENCE
• MICHAEL MANSON