Title: Product Liability Safety Factors CE marking Recreational Craft Directive
1Product Liability Safety FactorsCE
markingRecreational Craft Directive
- MATS231 lecture 7
- MST326 lecture 9
2Product Liability
3Product Liability
- every manufacturer has a responsibility for
damage and injuries that a product causes to
people and property - this responsibility may be transferred to the
importer - the liability may lead to payments for damages or
other legal consequences
4Product Liability
- the product should be systematically and
carefully scrutinised to determine what damage it
may cause - documentation of product development in respect
of safety is important - insurance companies will demand this
documentation before covering the risk
5Product Liability
- before PLA those affected had to prove that the
damage had been caused by negligence on behalf of
the manufacturer or distributor - now the burden of proof is on the manufacturer
to demonstrate product safety considerations were
integrated into design and production
6Product Liability
- Three types of defects that incur liability
- design defects
- exist before the product is manufactured
- manufacturing defects
- occur during the construction or production
- defects in marketing
- improper instructions and failures to warn
consumers of latent dangers in the product.
7Safety factors
8Safety factors
- BS British Standard Specifications
- EN Europaische Norm
- (European Standard)
- ISO International Organization for
Standardization
9Safety factors
- British Standard Specifications
- BS 10881966 (1988) untreated plywood for marine
craft - BS EN 10951998 deck safety harnesses and
safety lines - BS 40791966 (1988) plywood for marine craft
treated against attack by fungi or marine
borers - BS 45321969 (1989) snorkels and face masks
- BS 72091990 (1997) water vapour permeable
apparel fabrics - BS 78521997 code of practice for the
design of canoes and kayaks - the above list only shows a few representative
examples
10- Small craft Hull construction and scantlings
length up to 23 m - 1 Materials resins, reinforcement, laminate
(2000) - 2 Materials sandwich cores (2002)
- 3 Materials steel, aluminium, wood, other (2002)
- 4 Workshop/manufacturing conditions (2002)
- 5 Design pressures, stresses, scantlings (2008)
- 6 Structural arrangements and details (2008)
- 7 Scantling determination of multihulls (????)
- 8 Rudders (2009)
- Sailing boats appendages and rig attachment
- A1 Coating plants. Spray booths. Safety (2009)
- Parts 1-7 in Plymouth Campus Library
11British Standard BS EN 122152002
- Will Harris Cornish Crabber 12
- infused hull
- scantlings specified using ISO 12215-5 spread
sheet from MST329 design exercise - image courtesy of WH
- video of demoulding
12Safety factors
- British Standard Specifications
- eg BS 49941987 Design and construction of
vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics - may be appropriate to lightweight air-tanks for
diving - Section 9 defines allowable and design unit
loadings
13Safety factors
- BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
- k1 factor relating to manufacture
- k2 factor relating to long term behaviour
- k3 factor relating to temperature
- k4 factor relating to cyclic loading
- k5 factor relating to curing procedure
14Safety factors
- BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
- The design factor 3 x k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 x k5
- The factor 3 is constant and allows for
- materials strength reduction due tolong-term
loading (even in air) - No vessel or tank shall have K lt 8
15Safety factors
- BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
- k1 (method of manufacture)
- k1 1.5 for handwork
- k1 1.5 for machine controlled spray
application - k1 3.0 for hand-held spray application
- for spray application, strands shall be gt32 mm
long
16Safety factors
- BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
- k2 (chemical environment)
- k2 1.2 with a thermoplastic liner
- k2 1.2 to 2.0 without a thermoplastic liner
- Appendix E gives guidance on selection of k2
17Safety factors
- BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
- k3 (temperature) from 1 to 1.25 (Fig.1)
- dependent on heat distortion temperature
- k4 (cyclic loading) from Figure 2
- k5 (curing procedure) 1.1 for post-cure to
manufacturer specn 1.3 for operation up to
45ºC 1.5 for operation over 45ºC
18Safety factors
- BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
- k1 1.5 3.0
- k2 1.2 2.0
- k3 1.0 1.25
- k4 1.1 2.0
- k5 1.1 1.5
- K 6.534 67.5
- defaults to 8
19 CE marking
20The CE mark
- The official marking required by the European
Community for all Electric- and Electronic
equipment that will be sold, or put into service
for the first time, anywhere in the European
community. - It proves to the buyer -or user- that this
product fulfills all essential safety and
environmental requirements as they are defined in
the so-called European Directives. The CE
markings directive (93/68/EEC) was adopted in
1993. It amends 12 other directives. - The CE-directive gives a detailed description of
the initials CE and any other marks specific to a
particular directive and the ways conformity may
be acquired. - The CE-mark must be put on the equipment, it's
size must be 5 mm (0.2") or larger.
21The CE mark
- In return for fulfilling the CE marking
requirements,the manufacturer or its agent gets
the opportunity to cover the entire European
market using only one approval procedure for the
topics covered in the miscellaneous directives. - The member states of the EC cannot refuse any
electronic or electrical product that has been CE
marked (unless fraud suspected). - For some products however, national regulations
may exist, as long as the topics covered in these
national regulations are not covered by a
pan-European Directive. An example is Ergonomics
in Germany for PC-related equipment.
22The CE mark
- The manufacturer needs however
- be European,
- or have an official department in the European
Community, - or have an official agent or representative that
is willing to take the liability for the
CE-marking. - The CE mark is sufficient to allow exporting to
all EC members - There are some restrictions left over for
language variations in user documentation,
notably safety instructions should be in the
language of the country you are exporting to. - The attachment of the CE mark to your product
MUST be founded on a Compliance statement of the
manufacturer or importer.
23The CE mark
- 90/385/EEC Active Implantable Medical Devices
Directive - 94/9/EC ATEX Directive (Electrical equipment for
use in explosive atmospheres) - 2000/9/EC Cableway Installations for Passengers
Directive - 93/68/EEC The CE Marking Directive
- 93/15/EEC Civil Uses of Explosives Directive
- 89/106/EEC Construction Products Directive
- 89/336/EEC Electromagnetic Compatibility
Directive - 96/57/EC Energy Efficiency Requirements
Household Refrigerators and Freezers - 92/75/EEC Energy Labelling Directive
- 90/396/EEC Gas Appliances Directive
- 92/42/EEC Hot Water Boilers Energy Efficiency
Directive - 98/79/EC In-vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices
- 95/16/EC Lift Safety Directive
- 73/23/EEC Low Voltage Directive
-
- Hot-links from http//www.conformance.co.uk/CE_MAR
KING/celist.html
24The CE mark
- 98/37/EC Machinery Safety Directive
- 93/42/EEC Medical Devices Directive
- 2000/14/EC Noise Emission of Outdoor Equipment
Directive - 90/384/EEC Non-automatic Weighing Equipment
Directive - 89/686/EEC Personal Protective Equipment
Directive - 97/23/EC Pressure Equipment Directive
- 1999/5/EC Radio and Telecommunications Terminal
Equipment Directive - 94/25/EC Recreational Craft Directive
- 98/13/EC Satellite Earth Station Equipment
Directive - 87/404/EEC Simple Pressure Vessels Directive
- 98/13/EC Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
Directive - 88/378/EEC Toy Safety Directive
- Hot-links from http//www.conformance.co.uk/CE_MAR
KING/celist.html
25Recreational Craft Directive (RCD)
26Recreational Craft Directive
- Image from http//ec.europa.eu/enterprise/maritime
/maritime_regulatory/rc_introduction.htm
27Recreational Craft Directive
- The Recreational Craft Directive
(94/25/EEC) Design and construction of
boats from 2.5m to 24m hull length plus
specified components. - Published in Official Journal L164 (30 June 1994)
- In force 16 June 1996 (transition ends 15 June
1998) - Implemented in the UK by the Recreational Craft
Regulations 1996 (SI 19961353)
28Recreational Craft Directive
- The Directive does not apply to
- craft intended solely for racing
- canoes, kayaks, gondolas and pedalos
- surfboards and sailboards
- historical replicas
- submersibles
- hovercraft and hydrofoils
- craft intended to be crewedand to carry
passengers for commercial purposes(these are
covered by another directive). - craft built for use by the builder are also
excluded provided they are not subsequently
placed on the market for at least five years.
29Recreational Craft Directive
- Particular items of equipment are also covered
- ignition-protected equipment for inboard and
stern drive engines - start-in-gear protection devices for outboard
engines - steering wheels, steering mechanisms and cable
assemblies - fuel tanks and fuel hoses
- prefabricated hatches and portlights.
30Recreational Craft Directive
- Administration requirements
- the product be marked with the CE logo
- the manufacturer compile a file of technical
information - In the case of complete craft or hulls, this file
is to include test reports or calculations
demonstrating that the craft has adequate
stability in the anticipated sea conditions. The
manufacturer also has to complete a Declaration
of Conformity. - the Directive also lays down requirements for
type testing by a notified body and/or quality
control procedures - no special provision for used craft
- as such it is impossible for second hand craft to
comply - used craft cannot be CE marked and therefore
cannot be legally imported into the EEA
31RCD file of technical info.
- file of technical information
- In the case of complete craft or hulls, this
file is to include test reports or calculations
demonstrating that the craft has adequate
stabilityin the anticipated sea conditions. - the manufacturer also has to complete a
Declaration of Conformity.
32Directive 2003/44/ECamending Directive 94/25/EC
- extend RCD scope to personal watercraft such as
jet skis. - limit values for exhaust (CO, hydrocarbon,
nitrogen oxides and various pollutants) sound
emissions of petrol/diesel engines
33Classification societies
34Classification society (UK)
- Lloyds Register of Shipping
- Rules and Regulations for the Classification of
Special Service Craft, 2003 - for classification of monohull and multihull
craft, yachts, high speed and light displacement
craft constructed from steel, aluminium alloys
and composites.
35Classification societies o/seas
- American Bureau of Shipping (USA)
- Bureau Veritas (France)
- Det Norske Veritas (Norway)
- Registro Italiano Navale Group (RINA)