Protection of the environment

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• Protection of the environment
• Directives 96/61/EC 1999/32/EC 2001/80/EC
• TAIMAR ALA
• Estonian Ministry of the Environment
  Lääne-Virumaa Environmental DepartmentChief
  specialist of environmental management

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• Breathing impairment, wheezing, chest
  tightness...
• Cardiovascular disease, respiratory illness,
  aggravated asthma, chronic bronchitis, premature
  death ...

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Acid precipitation
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Air contamination in Europe (SO2)
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DIRECTIVE 2001/80/ECon the limitation of
emissions of certain pollutants into the air from
large combustion plants

• Directive shall apply to combustion plants, which
  rated thermal input is equal to or greater than
  50 MW, irrespective of the type of fuel used
  (except waste fuel from municipal waste)
• Directive shall not apply to combustion plants
  which make direct use of the products of
  combustion in manufacturing processes, for
  example
• reheating furnaces
• post-combustion plants waste gas purification
• facilities for the conversion of hydrogen
  sulphide into sulphur
• any technical apparatus used in the propulsion of
  a vehicle, ship or aircraft
• plants powered by diesel, petrol and gas engines

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Classification / Differentation of installations

• New plant combustion plant, which licence was
  granted on or after 1. July 1987
• Existing plant licence was granted before 1.
  July 1987

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New plants

• Combined generation of heat and power has to be
  promoted
• Appropriate measures have to be taken, to ensure
  that all issued licences for construction or
  operation of the new facilities contain
  conditions related to ELV-s
• sulphur dioxide
• nitrogen oxides
• dust
• additional, if justified

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ELVs for (new) new plants(solid fuel, annex III)
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ELVs for existing plants (solid fuel, annex III)
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Emission reduction plan

• Member States may draw and define national
  emission reduction plans (for existing plants)
• objectives, targets
• measures
• timetable
• monitoring mechanism
• Decrease in the number of plants may not raise
  the overall emissions from remaining plants!!!
• Conditions only in the means of the named Dir.

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By 1 January 2008,

• Significant emission reductions in existing
  plants by
• taking measures to ensure that all licences for
  the operation of existing plants contain
  conditions relating to compliance with the
  emission limit values established for new plants
  (part A of Annexes III to VII)
• ensuring that existing plants are subject to the
  national emission reduction plan
• or ...

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... existing plants exempted from ELV compliance
and ER plan, if ...

• Operator declares not to operate more than 20 000
  op/hours from 01.01.2008, ending 31.12.2015
• Operators obligation to submit regularly report
  about plants remaining life

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Discharge of waste gases

• Waste gases shall be discharged in a controlled
  fashion by means of a stack
• Competent authority shall ensure that the height
  of a stack is calculated in a way as to safequard
  to health and environment

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Transboundary effects

• Art 11
• Member State, which will be influenced by the air
  pollutant emissions from another state, has to be
  notified and consultations should be initiated
• Council directive 85/337/EEC on the asessment of
  the effects of certain public and private
  projects on the environment

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Monitoring

• Combustion plants
• Obligatory monitoring
• can be on operators expense
• Self-monitoring (EN management system)
• on operators expense
• How to secure the reliability of gathered data

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Monitoring 2

• Continous measurements
• none of the calendar monthly mean values exceeds
  the emission limit values and
• in the case of
• sulphur dioxide and dust 97 of all the 48
  hourly mean values do not exceed 110 of the
  emission limit values,
• nitrogen oxides 95 of all the 48 hourly mean
  values do not exceed 110 of the emission limit
  values
• Discontionous measurements
• emission limit value has to be followed 100, no
  exceptions

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DIRECTIVE 96/61/ECon Integrated Pollution
Prevention and Control (IPPC)

• Integrated approach
• Specific activities falling under
• Pollution has to be prevented or if not
  practicable, reduced

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List of activities liable to the Directive

• Combustion installations with a rated thermal
  input exceeding 50 MW
• Mineral oil and gas refineries
• Production and processing of metals
• Chemical industry
• Installations for the intensive rearing of
  poultry or pigs with more than
• 40 000 places for poultry
• 2000 places for pigs (mgt30kg)
• 750 places for sows
• etc.

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Best Available Techniques (BAT)

• BEST - the most effective in achieving a high
  general level of protection of the environment as
  a whole
• AVAILABLE - techniques which allow implementation
  in the relevant industrial sector, under
  economically and technically viable conditions,
  taking into consideration the costs and
  advantages
• TECHNIQUES - technology used and the way in which
  the installation is designed, built, maintained,
  operated and decommissioned

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Techniques instead of technology
Techniques
Technology
Technical solutions Working culture Maintenance Mo
nitoring Methods
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BREF

• Reference document
• Describing BAT
• Not binding

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Implementing BAT

• 96/61/EC Article 3 - installation should be
  operated in the way that
• all the appropriate preventive measures are taken
  against pollution, in particular through
  application of the best available techniques

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Implementing BAT (with the respect to
competitiveness)

• Primary measures
• process oriented
• likely to have positive impact
• Secondary measures
• end-of-pipe approach
• positive impact with clearly visible mixture of
  negative aspects
• Proved in principal
• investments in combinations for different
  specific BATs lowers the cost of individual BAT

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RAW material
HOT wastewater
PRODUCTS
COLD water
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RAW material
HOT wastewater
PRODUCTS
COLD water
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RAW material
STEAM
COLD water
Filter
WWTP
effluent
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Solving problems backwardsThe outcome

• Lower emissions and compliance to environmental
  standards, but
• higher consumption of energy
• energy losses persist
• process stability under threat
• decrease in process efficiency
• Production cost higher per unit
• lower profitability

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Benefit

• Not only cleaner environment and happy mind, but
  also
• increase in process reliability
• stable production
• stable expenditures
• stable incomes (excl. market)
• better reputation
• stronger position on market
• higher status in unions

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Challenge How to ensure the correspondance to
IPPC directive

• Art 5 Art 21 of 96/61/EC results in
• existing installations should have their permits
  and BAT correspondance by
• 30.10.2007

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Directive 1999/32/ECreduction in sulphur content
of certain liquid fuels

• Reduce the emissions of sulphur dioxide resulting
  from the combustion of certain type liquid fuels,
  except
• petroleum derived liquid fuels used by seagoing
  ships
• marine gas oil used by ships grossing a frontier
  between a third country and a MS
• fuels intended for processing prior to final
  combustion
• fuels to be processed in the refining industry

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DIRECTIVE 1999/32/EC,amended with the DIRECTIVE
2005/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 6 July 2005

• inter alia sulphur content requirements in the
  fuels have to be followed within
• Member State territory
• territorial seas
• exclusive economic zones
• pollution control zones

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Fuels under the directive

• Heavy fuel oil
• Gas oil
• Marine fuels (formerly only as marine gas oil)
• new set of definitions

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Limitations on sulphur content shall not apply

• fuels intended for the purposes of research and
  testing
• fuels intended for processing prior to final
  combustion
• fuels to be processed in the refining industry
• fuels used and placed on the market in the
  outermost regions of the Community
• fuels used by warships and other vessels on
  military service
• any use of fuels in a vessel necessary for the
  specific purpose safety, possible damage
• fuels used on board vessels employing approved
  emission abatement technologies

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Implementation, requirementsHeavy Fuel Oil

• Member States shall take all necessary steps to
  ensure that within their territory heavy fuel
  oils are not used if their sulphur content
  exceeds 1 by mass
• Exception for combustion plants, if ELVs are
  respected and followed
• permit issued by CA-s, designating ELVs

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Implementation, requirementsGas Oil

• Gas oils, marine gas oils (till 2010) should not
  be used from
• July 2000 if S exceeds 0,20 by mass
• 01. January 2008 if S exceeds 0,10 by mass

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Unpredictabilities

• Supply of fuels
• different regions, fields, physical-chemical
  characteristics
• Application for Commission for higher limits
• possibility for authorisation for a period of 6
  months
• could be appealed!

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Monitoring, sampling

• Regularly, sufficient frequency
• representative
• comparable
• while delivered
• already in storage tanks
• Result should be submitted to the Commission in
  time!

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Surveillance, use of force

• Penalties
• Shall be determined and used by Member States if
  breaches of the national provisions occur
• Should be effective, proportionate, dissuasive

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Future perspective in Central Europe?
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• Thank you for your attention!
• Contacts
• taimar.ala_at_l-viru.envir.ee
• ph. 3725276074