REVIEW

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REVIEW

• Remember
• Use the Study Questions in the Student Study
  Guide to guide your reading of the text material
  before coming to class. (Schedule)
• Use the Powerpoint handouts to review what you
  read before class and what we covered in class.
• After studying (repetition) the material and when
  you believe you know and understand it use the
  End-of-Chapter material to check your
  understanding.
• Also check your understanding by working in
  groups. . . .this can often be quite effective
  IF.

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Chapter 9

• Who is this?
• Tommy.
• What happened?
• Drowned
• Began CPR?

• Respiratory System

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Outline

• The Respiratory System
• The Upper Respiratory Tract
• The Lower Respiratory Tract
• Mechanism of Breathing
• Control of Ventilation
• Gas Exchanges in the Body
• Respiration and Health

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The Respiratory System

• Is another circulatory system (transp.)
• What is the primary function?
• Begins with breathing . . .
• During inspiration, or inhalation, air is
  conducted toward the lungs.
• During expiration, or exhalation, air is
  conducted away from the lungs.
• occurs 14-20 times per minute
• Ventilation another term for breathing which
  includes inspiration and expiration.

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The Respiratory System

• The respiratory system works with the
  cardiovascular system to accomplish respiration
  at the following levels (in order from the
  outside in)
• Breathing.
• External respiration.
• Internal respiration.
• Cellular respiration.
• Cellular respiration . . . . .

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Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6H2O 6CO2 38ATP (
Under perfect conditions!)
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The Respiratory Tract

• As air moves towards the lungs it is cleansed,
  warmed, and moistened.
• As air moves out during expiration, it cools and
  deposits moisture on the lining of the trachea
  and the nose.

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The Upper Respiratory Tract The Nose

• The nose contains two nasal cavities separated by
  a septum that empty into the nasopharynx.
• Tear (lacrimal) glands drain into the nasal
  cavities.
• Auditory (Eustachian) tubes lead from the
  nasopharynx to the middle ears.

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The Pharynx

• The pharynx is a funnel-shaped passageway that
  connects the nasal and oral cavities to the
  larynx.
• The throat
• Three sections.
• Nasopharynx - Nasal cavities open above soft
  palate.
• Oropharynx - Oral cavity opens.
• Laryngopharynx - Opens into the larynx.

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The Larynx

• The larynx serves as a passageway for air between
  the pharynx and the trachea.
• When food is swallowed, the larynx moves against
  the epiglottis preventing food from passing into
  the larynx.
• The larynx houses the vocal cords which are
  stretched across the glottis.
• Pitch length, thickness, elasticity, tension of
  vocal cords.
• Loudness (intensity) amplitude of vibrations.

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Placement of the Vocal Cords
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• Abdominal Thrust Technique?
• Heimlich maneuver ?
• Transparencies
• The Lower Respiratory Tract
• The trachea is a tube held open by C-shaped
  cartilaginous rings connecting the larynx to the
  primary bronchi.
• Trachiostomy?

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The Bronchial Tree

• The trachea divides into left and right primary
  bronchi which eventually branch into secondary
  bronchi and then into bronchioles.
• Each bronchiole leads to an elongated space
  enclosed by air pockets or alveoli.
• Alveolus is the functional unit of respiratory
  system
• Estimated to be 300 million air sacs!
• What is the total alveolar area?
• the size of a tennis court !!!
• Transparency (Fig. 2)

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The Lungs

• The lungs lie on either side of the heart within
  the thoracic cavity.
• Right lung has three lobes and the left lung has
  two lobes.
• Internal structure
• Each lobe is divided into lobules, further
  divided into bronchioles serving many alveoli.
• Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
• External structure cone-shaped with apex at neck
  and base sitting on the diaphragm

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Mechanism / Control of BreathingInspiration and
Expiration

• Ventilation things to remember
• Normally there is a continuous column of air from
  the pharynx to the alveoli.
• Lungs lie within sealed-off thoracic cavity.
• Rib cage forms top and side of the cavity, while
  the diaphragm forms the floor.
• Lungs are enclosed by two membranes, pleura
  (pleural membranes). . . . Inflammation?
• Pleuritis.
• Pleurisy.
• Intrapleural pressure is less than atmospheric
  pressure.

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Inspiration

• Primary stimulus?
• Increased amounts of carbon dioxide (H ion
  concentration)
• Chemoreceptors in respiratory center, carotid
  bodies, and aortic bodies stimulated by CO2
• The respiratory control center is located in the
  medulla oblongata and triggers inspiration.
• Inspiration is the active phase of breathing.
• The diaphragm and the rib muscles contract,
  intrapleural pressure decreases, the lungs
  expand, and air rushes in. . .
• We breath by negative pressure

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Expiration

• Stretch receptors in lungs send inhibitory
  message to respiratory center
• When the respiratory control center stops sending
  signals to the diaphragm and the rib cage, the
  diaphragm relaxes.
• Abdominal organs press up against the diaphragm,
  and the rib cage moves down and inward.
• Expiration is usually passive as the diaphragm
  and external intercostal muscles are relaxed.

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Inspiration Versus Expiration
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Mechanism / Control of Breathing

• Respiratory Volumes
• Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in
  and out with each breath.
• Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that
  can be moved out in a single breath.
• Inspiration can be increased by expanding the
  chest (inspiratory reserve volume).

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Respiratory Volumes

• Vital Capacity
• Expiration can be increased by contracting the
  abdominal and thoracic muscles (expiratory
  reserve volume).
• Residual volume is the air remaining in the lungs
  after deep exhalation.
• Dead space is the part of the air passageways in
  which inspired air never reaches lungs and is not
  used for gas exchange
• Measured by a spirometer !

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Gas Exchanges in the Body

• External respiration refers to gas exchange
  between air in the alveoli and blood in the
  pulmonary capillaries.
• Air Sacs and Blood.
• Blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a
  higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide than
  atmospheric air.
• Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the
  lungs.
• The pressure pattern is the reverse for oxygen.

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Internal Respiration

• Internal respiration refers to gas exchange
  between the blood in systemic capillaries and the
  tissue fluid.
• Blood and Tissue Fluid.
• Oxygen diffuses out of the blood into the tissue
  because the partial pressure of oxygen of tissue
  fluid is lower than that of blood.

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Transparency of the Chemistry of Gas Exchange
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Binding Capacity of Hemoglobin

• Binding capacity of hemoglobin varies according
  to the environmental conditions in the lungs and
  tissues.
• If the binding capacity of hemoglobin is high,
  hemoglobin will be saturated with oxygen.
• The binding capacity of hemoglobin for oxygen is
  affected by the partial pressure of oxygen,
  temperature, and pH.

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Respiration and Health

• Upper Respiratory Infections (URI)
• strep throat (Streptococcus pyogenes)
• Sinusitis - Infection of cranial sinuses.
• Otitis Media - Bacterial infection of middle ear.
• Tonsillitis - Inflammation and enlargement of
  tonsils.
• Laryngitis - Infection of larynx with hoarseness
  and inability to talk.

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Respiration and Health

• Common Respiratory Tract Infections
• Common cold est. gt 150 cold viruses!
• Influenza (flu) begins as upper tract infection
  and spreads to other body parts causing aches,
  pains, fever, sneezing. . . .
• Strep throat bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes,
  can lead to rheumatic fever (heart patients!).

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Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders

• Lower Respiratory Infections
• Acute bronchitis - Infection of primary and
  secondary bronchi.
• Acute vs. chronic.
• Pneumonia Viral, bacterial, protozoal (PCP in
  AIDS patients) infection of the lungs.
• Pulmonary tuberculosis - Tubercle bacillus
  bacterium. . . .

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Respiration and Health

• Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders - Vital capacity
  is reduced because lungs have lost elasticity.
• Pulmonary fibrosis.
• Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders - Air does not
  flow freely in the airways.
• Chronic bronchitis.
• Emphysema.
• Asthma.
• Lung cancer. . . . .

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Respiration and Health

• Lung cancer. . . . .
• 1 cancer killer in U.S.
• Especially associated with smokers (primary risk
  factor).
• Involuntary smoking, 2nd hand smoke, 20 smoking!
• Can lead to a Pneumonectomy?

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HEALTH FOCUS

• Questions About Smoking, Tobacco and Health

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BIOETHICAL FOCUS

• Bans on Smoking

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Outline

• The Respiratory System
• The Upper Respiratory Tract
• The Lower Respiratory Tract
• Mechanism of Breathing
• Control of Ventilation
• Gas Exchanges in the Body
• Respiration and Health

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