Europe and the World: New Encounters, 15001800

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• Europe and the World New Encounters, 1500-1800
• Discovery and Crisis in the Sixteenth and
  Seventeenth Centuries

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On the Brink of a New World

• Motives
• Travels of John Mandeville, Prester John, Mar
  Thoma
• Fascination with the East
• The Polos
• Religious zeal (New converts)
• Fame (1st to discover a)
• Economic motives (Fabled cities of gold)
• God, glory, and gold
• The Means
• Portolani (charts), Ptolemys Geography,
• Ships
• Axial rudder
• Lateen sails with square rig
• Compasses astrolabes

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New Horizons The Portuguese Spanish Empires

• Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
• Opens School for Navigators, 1419
• 1441 Atlas Mtns Looking for gold- instead
  brings back slaves
• 1471 West Africa discovers gold, renamed Gold
  Coast.
• Begin leasing land building stone forts to
  trade ivory, gold slaves
• 1497 Bartolomeu Dias,
• Rounds Cape of Good Hope, but turns back after
  threatened mutiny

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New Horizons The Portuguese Spanish Empires

• Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
• 1497- Vasco de Gama rounds Cape travels up to
  Zanzibar on to Calicut in 1498
• Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque
• Base in Goa, 1510
• Conquers Malacca, 1511
• Destroys Arab spice trade
• Success of the Portuguese
• Portuguese ventured east to China Moluccas
  (Spice Islands)

• Portuguese to weak to establish a real empire.
• Limited to trading posts.
• Success based on Weaponry Seamanship

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Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and
Sixteenth Centuries
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• Voyages to the New World
• Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
• Bahamas -- October 12, 1492
• Voyages in 1493, 1498, 1502
• John Cabot, 1497 for Henry 8
• Pedro Cabral, 1500
• Ferdinand Magellan Del Cano, 1519-1522
• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494- split New World b/t
  Spain Portugal
• The Spanish Empire in the New World
• Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
• Mayas- Yucatan Central America
• Aztecs- Mexico

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The Maya
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• Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
• Hernán Cortés -- Mexico, 1519-1522
• Aztecs- Moctezuma
• The Inca- Atahualpa
• Francisco Pizarro -- Peru, 1531-1536

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Administration of the Spanish Empire

• Encomiendas-Originally attempted to curb abuse
• Spanish Landlords of Castilian Indian Tenants
• Spanish protected, paid, provided spiritual
  direction to tenants
• Reality brutal new name for slave labor
• Viceroyalties of New Spain Peru
• Audiencias- Royal Courts of Justice
• Ecclesiastical Powers- King had power to appoint
  bishops, cardinals, supervise religious orders
  that came to New World
• Only monarch with this power
• Disease
• 30-40 died from smallpox, typhus, measles

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The Aztec
The Inca
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New Rivals on the World Stage

• Africa The Slave Trade
• Dutch East India Company- took over Portuguese
  trading empire as their power waned
• Sugar trade increased need for slaves
• Growth in the Slave Trade
• 275,000 enslaved Africans exported during the
  sixteenth century
• 1,000,000 Africans exported in the seventeenth
  century
• 6,000,000 African sent out in the eighteenth
  century
• Altogether 10 million Africans exported
• Slave ships- 50 British, rest divided b/t Fr,
  Dutch, Port, Dan, Am
• Slave traders- Historians once thought Euros
  controlled trade, but now see African middlemen
  actively participated also

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The Slave Trade
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• Effects of the Slave Trade
• Economic price- end of cottage industries
• Political effects-increase in internecine warfare
  w/i Africa
• Social- Destruction of cultures, increase in
  human sacrifice
• Opposition to slavery- Quakers
• France 1790s Britain 1807 US, 1865
• The West in Southeast Asia
• Moluccas-Dutch take possession
• Batavia- Dutch capital of Java
• Vietnam- French capital of Indochina
• The French and British in India
• Mughals
• The Impact of the Western Powers
• Britain
• Fort William (Calcutta)
• Bengal
• Battle of Plassey, 1757

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The Mughal Empire
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• China
• Qing Empire
• Western Inroads
• Canton
• Lord Macartney
• Japan
• Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)
• Opening to the West
• Francis Xavier, 1549
• Revolt on Kyushu
• Dutch at Nagasaki
• The Americas
• The West Indies
• Sugar plantations

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The Qing Empire
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• North America
• Henry Hudson, 1609
• New Netherlands
• Britain
• Virginia
• Massachusetts Bay Colony
• French
• Canada
• Treaty of Utrecht, 1713
• Seven Years War, 1763

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Toward a World Economy

• Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
• Inflation
• Price revolution
• Profit inflation
• The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
• Trade flourished in three areas Mediterranean,
  Low Countries, Baltic region
• New forms of commercial organization
• Joint-stock trading company
• Technological innovations
• Banking
• Agricultural system

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Global Trade Patterns of the European States in
the Eighteenth Century
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• Mercantilism
• Supply of bullion (gold and silver)
• Balance of trade
• Protect export industry and trade by granting
  monopolies
• Encourage investment in new industries
• Role of the state
• Overseas Trade and Colonies Movement Toward
  Globalization
• Overseas expansion with colonies and trading
  posts
• Inter-European trade still dominant
• The Impact of European Expansion
• The Conquered
• Native American civilizations
• Population losses

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• Africa
• Impact of the slave trade
• Portuguese trading posts in the East had little
  direct impact on native Asian civilizations
• Latin American civilization
• Central and South America
• Intermarriage
• Slaves
• Ecology
• Catholic Missionaries
• America
• Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits
• Christianization
• Brought Native Americans together into villages
• Construction of hospitals, orphanages, and
  schools
• Nunneries

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• China
• Jesuits
• Success of the Jesuits, Dominicans, and
  Franciscans
• 300,00 converts
• Japan
• Jesuits
• The Conquerors
• Dreams of land
• Opportunities for women
• Discovery of sources of gold and silver
• Columbian exchange
• Deepened rivalries
• New view of the world

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The Columbian Exchange