Societal Security

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Societal Security

• IR 3001 Week 5 Lecture

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

• Sudan, Darfur Region

• Circumstances-
• recent drought, dwindling resources
• historic ethnic competition between the
  Masalit/Fur and Arabs
• 1999 clashes which saw Arabs killed

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

• Rwanda/Burundi (1994/1996-)

• Circumstances-
• Historic tensions between Tutsi 14 and Hutu 85
  (Rwanda)
• Assassination of presidents in crash
• Radical army exiled in Uganda

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

• Kosovo (1999-)

• Circumstances-
• 10 years of conflict in former Yugoslavia
• Serbian ultra-nationalist in power
• ethnically cleansing Kosovo by Yugoslav troops

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

• East Timor (1975-1999?)

• Circumstances-
• 1975 Indonesian invasion after Portugal leave
• Super Power politics
• Ethnic violence on eve of independence

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What do we mean by civil wars?

• Henderson et al A civil war is a sustained,
  violent conflict between the military forces of s
  a state and insurgent forces comprised mainly of
  citizens (or residents) of the state.
• Types of domestic conflict
• Turmoil
• Conspiracy
• Internal war
• Civil war

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Civil wars as nationalist conflicts

• What are the options for nationalist movements?
• Greater autonomy
• Secession (independence)
• Irredentism
• Why do some groups wish to go further than
  greater autonomy?

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Why do civil wars occur?

• Proposition 1 The presence of semi-democracy
  increases the likelihood of conflict.
• Proposition 2 the greater the level of economic
  development, the lower its likelihood of
  conflict.
• Proposition 3 the larger a states level of
  military spending, the less chance of conflict.
• Proposition 4 the greater the cultural
  polarisation, the greater chance of conflict.
• Proposition 5 the presence of ethnic political
  groups increases the chance of conflict.

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Why do civil wars occur?

• Proposition 1 The presence of semi-democracy
  increases the likelihood of conflict.
• Proposition 2 the greater the level of economic
  development, the lower its likelihood of
  conflict.
• Proposition 3 the larger a states level of
  military spending, the greater chance of conflict.

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The nature of conflict

• Let us move from the why to the how
• Has the nature of conflict changed over time?
• Yes and no

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict Questions

• What are old wars?
• According to Mary Kaldor, what are new wars?
• What are their causes and effects?
• What should be the response of international
  community?
• Does the new war hypothesis help us understand
  security today?

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What are old wars?

• Kaldor defines an Old War as
• Conflict over territory and sovereignty
• Conflict between states.
• Conflict had rules
• Conflict was exclusive
• Examples Napoleonic Wars, Crimean War, First
  World War, Second World War, Falklands War

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What are new wars?

• New Wars are a result of the fragmentation and
  integration, homogenisation and diversification
  that followed the end of the Cold War.

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Why new wars?

• Causes
• End of the Cold War
• Globalisation
• Weak or failed states
• Employment of technology

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What are new wars?

• Defining new wars
• Not ideological, but identity conflicts
• Non-Combatants as targets
• Inclusive conflict
• Role of Media

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What are new wars?

• Tactics of New Warriors
• Ethnic Cleansing
• Solidification of identities
• Criminality of conflict
• Privatisation of non-state actors

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New Wars and Ethnic Conflict

• Rwanda/Burundi (1994/1996-)

• Circumstances-
• Historic tensions between Tutsi 14 and Hutu 85
  (Rwanda)
• Assassination of presidents in crash
• Radical army exiled in Uganda

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Why are civil wars important for international
security?

• Local Wars, Global Casualties
• Terrorism
• Economic ruin
• Famine
• Immigration
• Arms Race
• No-Go Areas
• Environmental Damage
• Global Civil Society

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Regional Security and IOs

• What is the role of international organisations
  in maintaining security and what challenges do
  they face?
• Theoretical review
• Liberal institutionalism
• Neo-liberal institutionalism

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Regional Security and IOs

• But for domestic security we should look at
  common security
• Changing role of organisations
• Regional organisations today are aimed at
  settling intra-regional disputes.
• Examples
• NATO, OSCE, EU
• OAU
• ASEAN

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Regional Security and IOs

• What right do regional organisation have to
  intervene in domestic conflicts?
• Two views
• Restrictionists
• Counter-restrictionists (Kaldor)

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What should be the response of international
community?

• Cosmopolitanism or neo-colonialism?
• a new kind of soldier-cum-policeman
• Rapid reaction
• Peace-keepers as the norm
• Can we trust the powers-that-be to prevent
  conflict, when it may not be in their interest?

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Does the new war hypothesis help us understand
security today?

• Problems
• Neo-colonialism?
• Categorisation?
• New wars?
• However
• Highlights brutality of conflicts
• Global dimension of area conflicts

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Regional Security and IOs

• What can organisations do other than intervene
  militarily?
• Non-forcible humanitarian intervention
• Role for regional organisations?
• Yes
• But, there are political problems

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The End