Civil War and Revolution

1
Section 1

• Civil War and Revolution

2
Lets Get Started

• What issues might divide a nation?

3
The Monarchy

• Elizabeth
• James I
• Charles I
• Divine Right
• Catholic vs. Protestant

4
Power of Parliament

• Granted to the monarch
• Petition of Right
• King could not tax people without consent of
  Parliament
• Could not declare martial law
• Could not board troops in homes during peace
• Could not imprison a person without specific
  charge
• When Parliament complains he dismisses them

5
Power of Parliament

• Charles did not call Parliament into session for
  11 years.
• People were scared he was going to impose
  absolute rule.

6
Trouble in Scotland

• Due to military conflict Charles has to ask
  Parliament for money.
• Parliament wants to discuss their complaints
  first so Charles dismisses them again.
• After another defeat Charles has to recall
  Parliament once again.

7
Trouble in Ireland

• The King needs a bigger army to help put down an
  Irish rebellion.
• Parliament does not trust the King with the army
  Parliament wants to control the army the King
  is threatened.
• King leads troops into the House of Commons.
• Without either side wanting to compromise, a
  Civil War starts.

8
English Civil War

• Cavaliers supporters of the King
• Roundheads supporters of Parliament
• Oliver Cromwell leader of the Roundheads
• Rump Parliament abolishes the monarchy and the
  House of Lords
• Commonwealth republic
• Charles I is executed his son flees to the
  continent Cromwell controls England

9
Question for the Class

• Do you think the execution of Charles I was
  justified?
• Support your answer!!!

10
Cromwell

• Cromwell believed that divine providence had
  brought him to power.
• Cromwell ruled from 1653 1658 as a military
  dictator.
• Wanted to create a parliamentary republic.
• Constitution?
• Protectorate was unpopular in England.
• Protectorate?

11
Richard

• Weak leader lost the support of the Army
• 1660 Parliament invites Charles II to return to
  England
• 1642 1660 English Revolution
• Peace returned but there was still discontent
  and quarrelling.

12
Restoration

• Charles II is restored to the throne
• Charles II made entertainment and the arts more
  available to the people. He was nicknamed the
  Merry Monarch.
• Charles II learned a great deal from his fathers
  execution and from his time on the continent.

13
Lets Discuss

• Why do you think Parliament was willing to accept
  a King again after they had fought the English
  Civil War to rid themselves of the monarchs?
• Cromwell brought confusion and resentment.
• People sought refuge in familiarity of monarchy.

14
Main Point

• Parliament gradually replaced the monarchy as the
  major source of political power in England.

15
Other problems of Charles II

• Great Plague of London (1665) killed 70,000
  people over a 4 month period.
• Great Fire of London (1666) burned for 5 days
  and destroyed a huge part of the city.

16
Political Parties Develop

• Charles II had no kids therefore James II
  would become king, a Catholic king.
• Tories those who believed that James II had a
  hereditary right to become king.
• Whigs wanted to deny the throne to a Catholic.
• James IIs second wife a Catholic had a son
  a Catholic son.
• Everyone was scared of a long line of Catholic
  kings.

17
Glorious Revolution

• Both Whigs and Tories asked James II to step down
  as King.
• They invite his Protestant daughter and her
  husband to replace James II on the throne.
• William and Mary
• This bloodless transfer of power was called the
  Glorious Revolution - 1688

18
Maybe Maybe Not

• James IIs son was born a month early, and though
  there were many witnesses present in the room,
  rumors soon spread that he was not really Marys
  son. Some believed that Mary had never been
  pregnant and that the baby was smuggled into the
  room and passed off as the son of James and Mary.
  Rumors eventually proved to be false and
  probably began due to fear of Catholic succession
  to the English throne.

19
Thomas Hobbes

• To avoid violence and danger people would choose
  a leader to rule them otherwise chaos would
  result.
• The people made an unwritten social contract
  giving the leader absolute power.
• The natural world was a place in which only the
  strong would survive unless order was imposed by
  the greater power of a ruler.
• The social contract described by Hobbes was based
  on the exchange of individual liberty for group
  safety and social order.

20
John Locke

• Blank slate
• Also believed in social contract but that people
  had given up only some of their individual
  rights.
• Kept right to life, liberty, and property.
• Governments existed for the sole purpose of
  protecting those rights.
• A ruler who denied people their basic rights was
  a tyrant and could justly be overthrown.

21
Stuff

• Habeas Corpus Act protected individuals against
  unfair arrest and imprisonment.
• English Bill of Rights Parliament gained a
  great deal of power over the monarch and
  individuals were granted certain freedoms.
• What aspects of the English Bill of Rights do you
  see in American government?
• In 1701 Parliament passed the Act of Settlement
  to keep Catholics from the English throne.
• Act of Union (1707) United England and Scotland
  creating Great Britain.

22
Parliament is supreme to the Monarchy

• However, Parliament does not represent most of
  the people of England.
• Only male property owners 250,000 out of 6
  million 4 could vote.
• House of Commons were not paid

23
The Prime Minister Emerges

• Advisers help the King
• William III chose his officers of state from
  among leaders of Parliament who were often heads
  of government departments become known as the
  Cabinet.
• Cabinet members eventually become only members of
  the majority party of Parliament.
• Chief minister becomes the Prime Minister, or
  first minister

24
Line of Succession

• Elizabeth
• James I
• Charles I
• Cromwell
• (Richard)
• Charles II
• James II

25
Line of Succession

• William and Mary
• Anne
• (Sophia granddaughter of James I)
• George I
• George II
• George III
• What is a limited constitutional monarchy?
• What does the British Constitution consist of?

26
Section 4 The Enlightenment

• An old theme challenge the existing order.
• This time it was the social and political order
  where the small, but privileged class, controlled
  the majority.
• Enlightenment thinkers examined and challenged
  traditional views.

27
The Enlightenment

• The 1700s have been called the Age of
  Enlightenment.
• Some believed that reason and the scientific
  method could logically explain human nature.
• Philosophes thinkers of the Enlightenment
• They were not only philosophers but critics of
  society.

28
The Encyclopedia

• A sort of handbook describing the ideas of the
  Enlightenment that became the most famous
  publication of the period.
• Some articles criticized society the church,
  government, slave trade, torture, taxes, and war.
• The publication was edited by Denis Diderot.
• He was imprisoned for his work.
• The publication was very popular in Europe.

29
Government

• The philosophers examined the governments of
  their times based on the Greek and Roman models.
• Criticized the power of kings and the privileges
  of clergy and nobles.

30
Baron de Montesquieu

• The Spirit of the Laws (1748) describes the
  perfect government.
• Says Great Britain had the best govt.
• Three branches of government provides checks to
  political power.
• How does this impact our govt?
• What are the three branches?

31
Voltaire

• Great at satire
• Twice imprisoned in the Bastille
• Fled to England
• I may disapprove of what you say, but I will
  defend to the death your right to say it.

32
Rousseau

• The Social Contract (1762)
• People are naturally good but their environment,
  education, and laws corrupt them.
• Good govt must be based on popular sovereignty.
• Govt must be created and controlled by the
  people.
• What is enlightened despotism?

33
Wollstonecraft

• Argued for the equality of women with men.
• Women should enjoy the same educational
  opportunities and political rights as men
  including the right to vote.

34
The role of the wealthy

• Although the Enlightenment produced ideas that
  could be considered revolutionary for the times,
  the movement did not have an immediate widespread
  impact. In the early years of the Enlightenment,
  the audiences for the philosophers ideas were
  relatively small, since they had to be wealthy
  enough to be invited to the salons or to afford
  the luxury of books. During the Enlightenment
  itself, however, the philosophers and their
  wealthy educated audience remained aloof from the
  common people.

35

• Why might it be advantageous for the
  Enlightenment to be initially popular with the
  wealthy and educated?
• Maybe better than starting with the poor.
  Carried more weight when coming from the rich.
  Rulers might accept ideas of upper class easier.
• Many Enlightenment beliefs would later be used to
  defend the ideas of democracy and social equality.

36
Section 5 The American Revolution

• Geography of the Revolution
• British colonies along the East Coast
• French settlements to the North and West
• Appalachian Mountains (Proc. Line of 1763)
• Hudson River
• Theatres of War
• All that water

37
French and Indian War

• Who is fighting?
• Who wins?
• How does it start in America?
• Who pays for the war?
• How does it affect geography?

38
No Taxation Without Representation?

• Stamp Act
• Tea Tax
• Boston Tea Party, Sons of Liberty, Intolerable
  Acts
• Patriots (1/3), Loyalists (1/3), Neutral (1/3)
• Lexington and Concord

39
Declaration of Independence

• We are INDEPENDENT!!!
• Power of govt come from the people
• Thomas Jefferson
• Denounced slavery in 1st draft property
  owners were opposed to this
• Women and Slaves not included
• Page 499

40
Redcoats and Rebels

• Pros and Cons for Colonists
• GW, home court advantage, fighting for a cause,
  lack of central power, eventual help of allies,
  lack of strong army, scrappy,
• Pros and Cons for England
• Professional army, kick butt navy, long ways from
  home, communication, expenses,

41
Battles

• Bunker Hill
• Quebec
• Trenton
• Saratoga
• Kings Mountain
• Cowpens
• Yorktown
• Valley Forge

42
Government

• Articles of Confederation
• Weak central govt
• No chief executive
• States rights
• Federal System of Govt
• Constitution
• Bill of Rights