IMPACTS OF TOURISM

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• IMPACTS OF TOURISM
• Kir Kucer

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Sustainable tourism

• Meets the needs of present generations while
  protecting and enhancing opportunity for the
  future generations.
• Recognizes interdependencies among environmental
  and economic issues.
• Improves the quality of life of all people (intra
  and intergeneration).

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Sustainable Tourism

• AKA responsible tourism
• Does not threaten economic,
• socio-cultural, or environmental
• integrity of the tourist destination
• Transfer of ecotourism
• philosophy to mass tourism
• Eco-techniques used
• by tourism suppliers
• Limit damage to various
• environments
• Unchecked and
• unplanned tourism growth

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Sustainable tourism

• UNTWO definition
• Natural environment
• Social and cultural environment
• Economic environment
• Participation of all relevant stakeholders
• High level of tourist satisfaction
• SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IS A CONCEPT!

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Ecotourism

• Ecotourism generally involves environmentally
  responsible travel of small groups to natural
  areas
• Includes educational information
• It also attempts to minimize negative impacts
  upon the natural, social and cultural environment
• Provides for beneficially active socio-economic
  involvement of local populations

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Ecotourism

• Ecotourism in 21st Century
• Term used unethically to
• market various attractions, lodging,
  tours
• Covers range of tourism experiences from hard to
  soft

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5 Principles of Ecotourism

• Tourism should blend with environment local
  culture
• Tourist experience should evolve from local
  natural historical/cultural attractions
• Local ownership management of services to keep
  economic benefits in destination
• Use local materials for construction and local
  products for tourist needs
• Use eco-techniques to conserve local resources

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Ecotourism

• Specific principles which distinguish it
• from the wider concept of
• sustainable tourism
• Educational information
• Intact natural environment
• Independent travelers or
• groups of small size

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Tourism environments
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The ecological environment

• Ecological environment refers to
• Natural
• Cultural
• Social attractions
• Ecology definition
• Boarder definition NATURAL, CULTURAL and SOCIAL
  environment.
• Narrower definition NATURAL environment
  sometimes also BUILT PHYSICAL environment.

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Ecological system
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The economic environment

• Tourist products the complete experience
  involved in traveling and staying.
• Includes
• goods and services consumed by tourists and
  especially produced for them
• the attractions of a tourist destination
• Measures Income, balance of payment, GDP,
  investment etc.

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Economic system (traditionally)
Closed system that neglected interactions with
other systems
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Source http//www.climatescience.gov/Library/stra
tplan2003/final/ccspstratplan2003-chap8.pdf
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The socio-political environment

• Environmental awareness
• Formal and informal mechanisms for stimulating
  environmentally friendly behavior
• Global Code of Ethics in Tourism (UNWTO)

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Economics, Ecology, Tourism combinations. Why?

• Tourism is motivated by ecological attractions
• Quality of the ecological attractions is related
  with the economic viability of tourism
• Protection of ecological environment leads to
  sustainable development

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SUMMARY

• Tourism as an economic activity is directly
  selling tourism products, that includes
• - natural attractions / environment (indirect
  selling)
• - cultural attractions / environment (indirect
  selling)
• - social attractions / environment (indirect
  selling)
• TOURISM MAINTAINS
• AND DESTROYS
• ATTRACTIONS/ENVIRONMENT

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Tourism maintains the natural environment

• Stimulates protection of natural environment
• Brings financial resources for protection of
  natural attractions
• Is an argument for reinstallation of degraded
  natural environment
• Improves env. management, and planning and
  operations
• Raises environmental awareness

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Tourism maintains the cultural environment

• Conservation of archieological and historic sites
• Conservation and revitalisation of traditional
  arts, handicrafts, dance, music, drama, customs
  and ceremonies, dress and certain aspects of
  life-styles
• Brings financial sources for conservation of
  cultural heritage, renewal of old cultural evens
• Renews a cultural pride
• Raises cultural awareness
• Enables cross-cultural exchange

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Tourism maintains the social environment

• Tourism has positive impacts on life quality of
  local inhabitants, it brings new job places and
  cultural exchange
• Impact on safety
• Force for peace
• Promotional effects

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Discussion

• Please state the destinations (from your own
  countries) in which tourism brought positive
  impacts to
• Natural
• Cultural and
• Social environment.

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Discussion

• CAN TOURISM DESTROY THE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT?
• State some examples

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Tourism damage in natural environment

• water
• air pollution
• noise
• visual pollution
• littering of debris on the landscapes
• sewage
• ecological disruption
• land degradation
• environmental hazards
• Loss of biological diversity, Depletion of ozone
  layer, Climate change

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Tourism damage in cultural environment

• Commodification, overcommercialization and loss
  of authenticy of traditional arts and crafts,
  customs and ceremonies
• Standardisation
• Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity
• Cultural deterioration
• Cultural clashes

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Tourism damage in social environment

• Wish to imitate the life style of visitors
  (demonstration effect)
• Dissatisfaction with traditional way of life
• Hatred towards visitors, social stress,
  inequality
• Crime, prostitution, alcohol, drugs
• Effect on native language

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Indicators if impact (Ryan, 1991)

• The number of tourists
• The type of tourists
• The stage of tourist development
• The differential in economic development between
  tourist-generating and tourist-receiving zones
• The difference in cultural norms
• The physical size of the area
• The extent to which tourism is serviced by an
  immigrant working population
• The degree to which incoming tourists purchase
  properties

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Indicators if impact (Ryan, 1991)

• The degree to which local people retain ownership
  of properties and tourist facilities
• The attitudes of governmental bodies
• The beliefs of host communities
• The degree of exposure to other forces of
  technological, social and economic change
• The policies adopted with respect to tourist
  dispersal
• The marketing of the tourist destination
• The homogeneity of the host society
• The accessibility to the tourist destination
• The original strength of artistic, folkloric
  practices, and the nature of those traditions

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TOURISM ECONOMY

• NEGATIVE IMPACTS
• Leakages
• High infrastructural costs
• Inflation
• Sesonal characteristics
• Dependence on one economic activity

• POSITIVE IMPACTS
• Income (to whole and local economy)
• Taxes
• Employment
• Infrastructure development

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Economics, Ecology, Tourism - combinations

• Traditional economics economic goods and
  economic processes.
• Traditional ecology closed ecological system.
• Ecological economic economics growth in the
  line with natural environment.
• Tourism ecology - studies the relationships
  between tourism and its environment which is (in
  broader sense) natural, cultural and social.

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Discussion

• How does economic, ecological and social
  environment influence on tourism development in
  your country?
• How does tourism influence on the economic,
  ecological and social environment in your
  country?

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References

• Fennell, D. (2008) Ecotourism, Third edition.
  New York Routledge
• Mihalic, T. (2006) Tourism and its Environments
  ecological, economic and political sustainability
  issues. Ljubljana Faculty of Economics,
  University of Ljubljana

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• Weissensee Natures playground

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Location

• Southwest of Carinthia
• The surface area of the local community covers 78
  km2
• Altitude of 930 to 2.100 metres.
• Fjord-like Lake Weissensee, covers 6,6 km2.
• Tourism has gradually become the mainstay of the
  local economy
• Summer tourism is responsible for an overwhelming
  share (82 ) of the visitors.

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Description

• Weissensee Natures Playground was develped
  after all the economic, cultural and social
  problems of the region were analysed
• Implementing a range of different measures

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Project initiation and its authors

• Initiative of the local tourist board and the
  community of Weissensee in co-operation with the
  population of Weissensee

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Objectives and strategies

• Tourism
• Mountains and lakeside in an intact natural
  landscape together with the quality of tourism
  establishments
• Expansion of the ski resort was rejected
• Environmental quality and earnings situation on a
  sustainable basis
• Environment
• Preserving the landscape, and especially the
  typical character of the valley (forests,
  meadows, water)
• A new zoning plan will restrict further building
  on the lakeshore
• A ring-shaped sewage plant keeps the quality of
  the lake water at a level fit for drinking.
• In 1992, Lake Weissensee was proclaimed the
  cleanest bathing lake in the Alpine region.

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Problems and their solutions

• Because of reduction in tourism in the
  neighbouring valleys the traffic problem was
  regarded with less attention
• As a result local politicians were not motivated
  enough to find a solution to the traffic problem
  in Weissensee.
• Special parking system and the introduction of
  shuttle buses to reduce traffic within the valley

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Sustainability

• Ban on motorboat traffic
• Construction of a thoroughfare on the lakeshore
  prevented
• Construction of a ring-type sewer plant
• Land designated for development re-dedicated as
  open space

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Project funding

• Initially, the main hurdle with regard to solving
  the traffic problem was the public funding for
  the project.
• The other projects were financed by public and
  tourism organizations

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Results achieved

• Winter tourism - expansion of the ski resort was
  rejected, ice-sports facilities built instead
• A shuttle bus system has been installed.
• A new parking system has been set in place.
• Renewal of the construction of a thoroughfare
• Nature Forum Weissensee
• Ecological Land Cultivation Bonus
• Land designated for building purposes
  re-dedicated as open space

Source WTO Sustainable Development of Tourism
A Compilation of Good Practices, 2000