Energy, Technology and the Environment

1
Energy, Technology and the Environment
Energy Demand Supply
2
Energy balance of the US (in Quadrillion BTU
1015 BTU 1018 J)
Source Energy Information Agency
(http//www.eia.doe.gov/)
3
Annual solar energy reaching the earth 5.2 1021
BTU
422
4
Top ten total primary energy consumers in
2003 (in quadrillion BTU)
Rank in Gross Domestic Production
1.
5.
17.
2.
3.
13.
8.
6.
4.
9.
5
Top ten total primary energy consumers in
2003 (in quadrillion BTU)
Total 422
100
154
45
29
22
14
14
6
Primary energy consumption per year in various
countries (in quadrillion BTU)
27.6 of world total
23.4 of world total
Source Energy Information Agency
(http//www.eia.doe.gov/)
7
Energy consumption capita
Energy consumption
x population
8
Primary energy consumption per person per year in
the US (in million BTU per capita)
Source Energy Information Agency
(http//www.eia.doe.gov/)
9
Top ten total primary energy consumers in
2003 (in quadrillion BTU)
10
Top ten total primary energy consumers in
2003 (in million BTU per capita)
Rank in per capita primary energy consumption
8.
14.
26.
33.
28.
38.
35.
164.
124.
103.
11
Primary energy consumption per person per year in
various countries (in million BTU per capita)
Source Energy Information Agency
(http//www.eia.doe.gov/)
12
Primary energy consumption per capita in 2003
70.4
World average 66.7 million BTU GJ
toe
1.7
8.5
USA 339.9 million BTU
GJ toe
358.7
Western Europe 151.1 million BTU GJ
toe
159.4
3.8
16.6
0.4
Africa 15.7 million BTU
GJ toe
China 35 million BTU 37
GJ 0.88 toe
Q What would global primary energy consumption
in 2003 have been, if China a) had Western
European per capita primary energy consumption?
b) had US per capita primary energy
consumption? Energy consumption in 2003 421.5
1015 BTU World, 45.5 1015 BTU China Chinese
population in 2003 1.3 109 people
13

• Q
• What would global primary energy consumption in
  2003 have been, if China
• a) had Western European per capita primary
  energy consumption?
• b) had US per capita primary energy
  consumption?
• Reminder
• Energy consumption in 2003 421.5 1015 BTU World,
  45.5 1015 BTU China
• A
• World 421.5 1015 BTU China 45.5 1015 BTU Rest
  376 1015 BTU
• 1.3 109 x 151.1 106 BTU 196.4 1015 BTU
• (376 196.4) 1015 BTU 572.4 1015 BTU
  (36)
• 1.3 109 x 340 106 BTU 442 1015 BTU
• (376 442) 1015 BTU 818 1015 BTU (94)

14
Energy consumption capita
Energy consumption
x population
Energy consumption GDP
GDP capita
Energy consumption
x x population
15
Total primary energy consumption per Dollar of
GDP in the USA (energy intensity of the USA)
Source Energy Information Agency
(http//www.eia.doe.gov/)
16
Total primary energy consumption per Dollar of
GDP in various countries (BTU per 2000 US Dollars
using market exchange rates)
Source Energy Information Agency
(http//www.eia.doe.gov/)
17
Total primary energy consumption per Dollar of
GDP in various countries (BTU per 2000 US Dollars
using market exchange rates)
Source Energy Information Agency
(http//www.eia.doe.gov/)
18
GDP per person per year in various countries (in
thousands of 2000 US Dollars using market
exchange rates)
Source Energy Information Agency
(http//www.eia.doe.gov/)
19
Reduction in energy intensity does not lead to
reduction in total energy consumption
USA (1980)
USA (2003)
UK (2003)
UK (2003)
China (2003)
China (2003)
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Summary Part 1

• Global primary energy consumption has increased
  from 200 1015 BTU in 1970
• to 422 1015 BTU (4.45 1020 J) in 2003, an
  average annual growth rate of 2.3.
• The share of the USA was 27.6 in 1980 and 23.4
  (100 1015 BTU) in 2003.
• In 2003 Chinas energy consumption was 45 1015
  BTU.
• Since 1980
• Per capita energy consumption of the USA was
  340 106 BTU
• Chinas per capita energy consumption has
  doubled from 17.5 to 35 106 BTU
• If China had the same per capita energy
  consumption as the USA, global consumption
  would be almost twice as large (818 1015 BTU).
• US Energy intensity has decreased from 20,000
  BTU/ in 1950 to 9,200 BTU/ in 2004
• A decrease in energy intensity can be seen in
  many other countries.
• However, growth in GDP and population leads to
  growing total energy consumption in most
  countries.

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Energy consumption by source in the US (in
quadrillion BTU)
86
6
8
Source Energy Information Agency
(http//www.eia.doe.gov/)
22
Global energy consumption by source (in
quadrillion BTU)
86
6
8
23
Current reserves of fossil fuels
Definition of Proved Reserves Generally taken
to be those quantities that geological and
engineering information indicates with reasonable
certainty can be recovered in the future from
known deposits under existing economic and
operating conditions. (1 barrel 159 liters)
Source BP, Statistical Review of World Energy
2005
24
Location of the fossil fuels reserves
Source BP, Statistical Review of World Energy
2005
25
Oil Production, consumption, reserves
15
91
11
19
Europe
North America
Asia
34
42
Middle East
Africa
9
South America
Oceania
Source World Energy Council
RESERVES 148 Gt
PRODUCTION 3.5 Gt/year
CONSUMPTION 3.5 Gt/year
R/P RATIO 41.2 years
26
Natural Gas Production, consumption, reserves
56
gt100
40
9
Europe
North America
70
Asia
57
Middle East
29
Africa
South America
Oceania
Source World Energy Council
RESERVES 171 tcm
PRODUCTION 2.6 tcm/year
CONSUMPTION 2.6 tcm/year
R/P RATIO 59.8 years
27
Coal Production, consumption, reserves
255
247
258
Europe
North America
Asia
50
0.4
20
Middle East
79
Africa
South America
Oceania
Source World Energy Council
RESERVES 909 Gt
PRODUCTION 5.5 Gt/year
CONSUMPTION 5.5 Gt/year
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Fossil fuels Basic characteristics
Petroleum
Natural gas
Coal
Complex structured Molecules around skeleton of
C atoms (average relative chemical abundance
is C1H0.8O0.1)
80-90 Methane (CH4) 10-20 Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8) Butane (C4H10)
Chains of 5-20 C atomse.g. Octane C8H18
Composition
Gross calorific value
CO2 emissions
29
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30
Summary Part 2

• The global distribution of energy sources is 86
  fossil, 8 nuclear and 6 renewable.
• The US distribution of energy sources is 86
  fossil, 8 nuclear and 6 renewable.
• Current reserves per production ratio (R/P) for
  oil is 40.5 years.
• Current reserves per production ratio (R/P) for
  natural gas is 66.7 years.
• Current reserves per production ratio (R/P) for
  coal is 164 years.
• The Middle East has 61.7 of the oil reserves
  and 40.6 of gas reserves.
• Russia has 6.1 of the oil, 26.7 of the gas and
  17.3 of the coal reserves.
• The other largest coal reserves are in the USA
  (27.1), in China (12.6) and in India
  (10.2).
• This unequal distribution leads to large
  production / consumption imbalances.
• Availability of fossil fuel will not be a
  limiting factor for CO2 emissions. This is
  especially true for coal.