Artificial Intelligence: Changing Paradigms

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Artificial Intelligence Changing Paradigms

• Vivek Kumar Singh
• Lecturer (Computer Science)
• Banasthali Vidyapith,
• P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith-304022 Rajasthan
  (India)
• Email svivek_at_banasthali.ac.in

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Disclaimer

• This Lecture is based on excerpts from varied
  sources. The views expressed are speakers own
  and in no way reflect the views of referred
  sources.

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Outline of the Lecture

• The Beginning
• A Philosophical Encounter
• - Turing Test and Searles arguments
• - AI and Creativity
• - Emotional Intelligence
• - AI and Consciousness
• Symbolic and Connectionist AI
• New Dimensions of AI
• Recent Developments

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The Beginning

• The term AI was first coined in 1956 by Prof.
  John McCarthy at a conference in Dartmouth,U.K..
• Early work in AI
• - Language Translation
• - Problem Solving (GPS, 1957)
• - Pattern Recognition

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Turing Test

• Imitation Game (Proposed in 1951)

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Searles Chinese Room Argument

• Turing test is a behavioral test and not a true
  test of intelligence.
• The Chinese room passes the Turing test though it
  lacks understanding and intelligence.
• Strong and Weak AI

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Creativity

• Considered to be an essential component of human
  intelligence.
• Natural question is whether computers can think
  creatively.
• AARON A Painter Programme 20 Yr. Long project
  by Harold Cohen.

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Emotional Intelligence

• Emotions are tied to everything we say and
  do.Incorporating emotions will improve
  interactions with users.
• Simulating Emotions in Computers-
• - Internal
• - External (Simulating physical correlates)
• - MITs KISMET

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Consciousness

• Consciousness is simply a byproduct of complex
  intelligent systems. Therefore, no need to try to
  isolate and recreate it, it will emerge
  automatically, as needed.
• If not a byproduct then whether its possible to
  computationally define and simulate it.
• Intelligence Consciousness relationship.
• Critique Subjective Phenomenal experience
  necessary for consciousness.
• MITs Cog Project

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• MITs COG Project

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Symbolic AI

• Branch of AI that attempts to explicitly
  represent knowledge in declarative form, i.e.,
  facts and rules.
• Successes-
• - Expert Systems
• - Game playing programmes
• Problems-
• - Common Sense Knowledge problem
• - Problems of implicit or procedural
  knowledge

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Expert Systems

• Microworlds theory a scaling theory.
• Mimic human performance within a restricted
  domain of knowledge.
• Game Playing Systems
• Uses brute force approach combined with high
  computational speed.

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Connectionist AI

• Neural Network Architectures.
• Most suited for tasks involving sensory, motor
  and procedural knowledge.
• Limitation
• Human Brain 100 Billion Neurons
• Typical ANNs 1000 Neurons

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New Dimensions of AI

• Building Child Machines rather than simulating
  adult minds and then let them learn.
• Robotics artificial mind gets a body.
• Engineering and Run approach.
• Emphasis shifts to consumer/ commercial products.
• Artificial Life synthetic perspective.
• Evolutionary Computing applying biological
  principles to computing.

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Recent Developments

• Academic AI
• The MIT AI Lab
• Cog (Humanoid Robot), Database Management
  using Natural Language(InfoLab Group), Hal
  (Intelligent Room Project), Neural Circuitry
  (CBCL), Vision Interface project
• http//www.ai.mit.edu
• Carnegie Mellon University
• Human Computer Interaction, Intelligent
  Tutoring Systems, Speech Processing
• http//www.cmu.edu
• Stanford University
• Expert Systems, Robotics, Machine Learning,
  Natural Language Understanding, Image
  Understanding
• http//cs.stanford.edu/research/ai.html
• MIT Media Lab - Software Agents Group
• http//agents.media.mit.edu/groups/agents/

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Recent Developments (contd.)

• Corporate AI
• Microsoft Research
• Natural Language Processing, Machine
  Learning, Natural Language Computing, Speech
  Technology, Mindnet
• http//research.microsoft.com
• IBM Research
• Speech Processing, Machine Translation,
  Dialog Engines, Information Retrieval, Automatic
  Text Summarization, Natural Language Processing
• http//www.research.ibm.com

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Recent developments (contd..)

• Commercial AI
• Answerlogic Question answering search engine
• http//www.answerlogic.com
• Artificial Life Animated Chatterbot agents
• http//www.artificial-life.com
• Conversay Voice interaction with Internet
• http//www.conversay.com
• Mindmaker Intelligent Agents
• http//www.mindmaker.com
• Virtual Personalities Chatterbots with real
  time animation
• http//www.vperson.com

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Thank you