Biological and Environmental Foundations

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• Chapter 2
• Biological and Environmental Foundations

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Genetic Foundations

• Chromosomes store and transmit genetic
  information.
• Genes segments of DNA located along the
  chromosomes
• DNA substance of which genes and chromosomes
  are made.

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DNAs Ladderlike Structure
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Meiosis
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Twins

• Fraternal/Dizogotic
• Two zygotes, or fertilized ova
• Identical/Monozygotic
• One zygote that divides
• into two individuals

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Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
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X-Linked Inheritance
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Genetic Imprinting and Mutation

• Imprinting
• Chemical marker that activates either fathers or
  mothers gene.
• Often temporary.

• Mutation
• Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment.

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Adoption and Adjustment
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Environmental Contexts for Development

• Family
• Socioeconomic Status
• Neighborhoods
• Towns and Cities
• Cultural Context

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Family Influences on Development

• Direct
• Two-person relationships
• Indirect
• Third Parties
• Adapting to Change
• Changes from within and outside the family

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Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning

• Timing of Family Life Cycle
• Values and Expectations
• Fathers Involvement
• Communication and Discipline Styles
• Childrens Cognitive Development

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Children in Poverty U.S. and Canada
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Individualist and Collectivist Societies

• Individualist
• People think of themselves as separate from other
  people.
• Concerned with personal goals.

• Collectivist
• People define themselves as part of a group.
• Concerned with group goals over individual goals.

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How Much Does Heredity Contribute to Behavior?

• Heritability Estimates
• Portion of individual differences attributable to
  genetics.
• Ranges from 0 to 1.00.

• Concordance
• What percent of the time do twins both show a
  trait?
• Ranges from 0 to 100.

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Reaction Range
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Genetic-Environment Correlation

• Passive Correlation
• Evocative Correlation
• Active Correlation
• Niche-picking

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Contributions of Environment and Genetics
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The Epigenetic Framework