Current Events

1
Current Events

• NCAA Tournament Around the Corner
• SMU defeats Rice in C-USA
• UH vs. Southern Miss at 830 tonight
• Congress declares war on ports deal
• House committee votes 62-2 to block White House
  approval

2
Midterm

• 39-111
• Curve at end of semester.
• If semester ended today
• 111-89 A
• 89-75 B
• 75-60 C
• I will offer an extra credit assignment due to
  some poor grades

3
Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

• Lesson 16 The Navy in the Early Cold War,
• 1945-1953

4
End of World War II

• United Nations established.
• Security Council - Veto power for permanent
  members.
• General Assembly.
• MacArthur commands U.S. army of occupation in
  Japan.
• U.S., Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union
  divide Germany into zones of occupation.
• Federal Republic of (West) Germany - 1949.
• U.S. initially enjoys atomic bomb monopoly.
• Neglect of conventional military forces begins.
• Communist control of Eastern Europe.
• Puppet states dominated by the Soviet Union.

5
End of World War II

• U.S. Position at the end of WWII and WWI
• Position of Power in the world
• Mood of the Nation
• Impact of A-bomb monopoly
• Control of trust territories
• Instability and search for new roles
• Demobilization (1945-1946)
• Post War tasks
• Return troops and Pows and refugees
• Minesweeping
• Reduction in Force (next slide)

6
U.S. Naval Forces after WW II

• Rapid demobilization begins.
• Postwar tasking
• Return troops, POWs, and refugees to the U.S.
• Minesweeping.
• Must make do with still-new World War II
  equipment.
• Drastic reduction in size of force - 1945 to
  1950
• Personnel 4 million to less than 500,000
• Ships 1,200 to less than 250
• Small numbers of ships stationed in the Far East
  and Mediterranean.

7
Search for New Roles

• Navy Threatened
• Rapidly declining fleet
• Wide-ranging Operations
• Internal defense struggles
• Defense re-organization

8
National Security Act of 1947

• National Military Establishment
• Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• Secretary of Defense on Presidents Cabinet.
• Unified Commanders established in geographic
  areas.
• Central Intelligence Agency and National Security
  Agency.
• Joint Chiefs of Staff direct military operations.
• Effects on Navy and Marine Corps
• Preserves naval aviation and the Marine Corps.
• Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal becomes
  Secretary of Defense.
• Defense Reorganization Act - 1949 Department of
  Defense
• Strengthens Secretary of Defense Johnson
  replaces Forrestal.

9
Containment of Communism

• Pacific
• China - Civil War between Communists and
  Nationalists.
• Leaders Mao Tse Tung and Chiang Kai Shek.
• Japanese Constitution adopted - relies on U.S.
  for defense.
• Europe
• Communist threat to Turkey and Greece.
• Great Britain unable to supply enough aid.
• Truman Doctrine - March 1947
• I believe that it must be the policy of the
  United States to support free peoples who are
  resisting attempted subjugation by armed
  minorities or outside pressure.
• Economic and Military aid to Greece and Turkey.
• Non-communist governments secured.

10
Containment

• Marshall Plan - June 1947
• U.S. economic aid to rebuild western Europe.
• George Kennan's "X Article" in Foreign Affairs,
  July 1947
• Enunciated the theory of containment of
  communism.
• Official U.S. doctrine and policy by 1950.
• Berlin Airlift June 1948 - May 1949.
• Communist Coup in Czechosolovakia - February
  1948.
• 1949 - Chinese Nationalists evacuate to Formosa.
• Communist Peoples Republic established on
  mainland China under Mao.
• Pact signed with Soviet Union.
• U.S. supports Chiangs Nationalist government on
  Formosa (Taiwan) as legitimate government of
  China.

11
Internal Struggles

• Unification Struggle - 1945-47
• Unity of command debated.
• Independence of Air Force from Army pushed.
• Air Forces Massive Retaliation Strategy
• Atomic bomb is a deterrent to war.
• Air Force strategic bombing
• New first line of defense to replace Navy.
• No need for naval air (carriers) or Marines.
• Massive reduction of the Department of the Navy
  proposed.
• B-36 introduced.
• Air Force long-range atomic bomber.

12
Revolt of the Admirals - 1949

• Johnson cancels construction of USS United
  States.
• First Super Carrier of the fleet.
• Secretary of the Navy John Sullivan resigns in
  protest.
• Marine Corps squadrons cut.
• Air Force emerges as the dominant service.
• Congressional hearings on the B-36 bomber.
• Carl Vinson
• Chairman of House Armed Services Committee.
• CNO Admiral Louis Denfeld relieved of duties by
  Truman.
• Balanced forces strategy eventually accepted.
• Soviets detonate atomic bomb - 1950.

13
NATO

• Established in 1949.
• Military Alliance between U.S., Canada, and
  western Europe with a formal command structure.
• Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (Brussels,
  Belguim)
• U.S. Commander in Chief, European Command
• Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic (Norfolk,
  Virginia)
• U.S. Commander in Chief, Atlantic Command
• Warsaw Pact established by the Soviet Union to
  counter NATO in 1955 - includes eastern European
  communist states.

14
The Korean War

• Communist North Korea
• Soviets detonate A-bomb
• Kim Il Sung
• South Korea (Pro - U.S.)
• Syngman Rhee
• 25 June 1950 -- North Korea invades South
  Korea.
• Truman orders U.S. troops from Japan to defend S.
  Korea.
• United Nations Security Council Resolution - 27
  June.
• Called upon member nations to render such
  assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be
  necessary to repel the armed attack and to
  restore international peace and security to the
  area.
• No veto - Soviet Union boycotts Security Council
  meeting.
• General Douglas MacArthur
• Commander in Chief - United Nations Command.
• Includes ships of the U.S. Seventh Fleet.

15
Course of the War - 1950

• Fall of Seoul to North Korean Army.
• U.S. conventional forces inadequate to stop
  advance.
• Truman orders U.S./U.N. military response
• MacArthur wins support of U.S. leadership.
• 2-3 July 1950 Navy first on the scene
• USS Juneau
• USS Valley Forge and HMS Triumph
• Support
• Navy sends emergency reinforcement and supplies
  to hold Peninsula
• Navy battleships, cruisers, carriers and
  destroyers
• Navy and Marine Air F9F Panther jets and F4U
  Corsairs
• U.S., British and Korean navy blockade N. Korean
  waters
• 1st Marine Division and 7th Infantry Division
  lands at Pusan
• Amphibious assault by UN forces, 15 Sept 1950

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17
Frozen Chosin FirstMarine Division

• Advances to the Chosin Reservoir.
• Attacked by seven Communist Chinese divisions.
• Soviet supplied mines sunk naval vessels/delayed
  7th fleet
• Legendary retreat to Hungnam.
• General O.P. Smith
• Gentlemen, we are not retreating. We are merely
  advancing in another direction.
• Chesty Puller, We have the Chinese right where
  we want them. Theyre all around us. Makes it
  easier for us to get them and kill them.
• 100,000 troops and equipment evacuated by Seventh
  Fleet ships.
• Chinese intervention fear of Nuke War!!!

18
Course of the War -- 1951-53

• Truman Refuses to use nukes.
• Are nukes practical in limited wars?
• MacArthur relieved of duty by Truman - 11 April
  1951.
• Threatened bombing of China.
• Policy contradicted instructions from Truman.
• General Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur.
• Peace talks begin at Panmunjom.
• 1953 Armistice yields permanent division of
  Korea.
• Death of Stalin
• Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) established near 38th
  parallel.
• Marines lost 4,267 dead and 23,744 wounded. 42
  receive Medal of Honor.

19
Korean WarNavy

• Naval decline reversed.
• Accelerated shipbuilding.
• Personnel strength doubled.
• Reactivation of mothballed World War II ships.
• Development begins on a new generation of ships
• Forrestal-class carriers with jet aircraft.
• Nuclear-powered submarines USS Nautilus.
• Power-projection capabilities of the U.S. Navy.
• Close Air Support
• Interdiction
• Amphibious Operations
• Logistics
• Strategic bombing/massive retaliation theory
  disproved.

20
Suez Crisis

• 1956 Egyptian President Nasser nationalizes Suez
  Canal.
• Britain and France
• Attacks on Egypt with Israel to regain control of
  canal.
• Soviet Union - aligned with Egypt.
• Hungarian uprising.
• Naval inferiority to U.S. fleet.
• U.S. diplomatic pressure on Britain, France, and
  Israel.
• U.S. controls sea lines of communication in
  Mediterranean.
• U.N. cease-fire brokered.
• Soviets begin to increase power in Middle East.
• Eisenhower Doctrine - 1957
• U.S. will defend Middle East from Communist
  aggression.

21
Lebanon Crisis

• 1957 Soviets launch Sputnik shaking U.S.
  confidence
• 1958 Lebanese Civil War
• Communists supported by Syria.
• Ally of Soviet Union.
• Amphibious Landing of 6,000 Marines.
• Control of Beirut secured.
• Army and Air Force units unable to react.
• Demonstrated flexibility of U.S. naval forces.
• Sixth Fleet dominates the Mediterranean.
• Soviet Navy unable to influence events.

22
Nikita Khrushchev

• Succeeded Stalin as Soviet premier after his
  death in 1953.
• Proposed peaceful competition between the
  superpowers.
• Challenged U.S. to meet Communist challenges in
  third world countries.

23
The Cold War Heats Up

• The Space Race
• Sputnik First man-made satellite - 1957.
• Yuri Gagarin - First man in space - 1961.
• Kennedy - Apollo Program will land a man on the
  moon before the decade is out.
• Naval aviators chosen among first astronauts.
• The Missile Gapdebate in 1960 U.S. Presidential
  election.
• U-2 Incident - 1960
• Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet Union.
• Khrushchev's We will bury you! speech at the
  United Nations - 1960.
• Berlin Wall - 1961
• Kennedy Ich bin ein Berliner. - 1963.

24
Cuban Missile Crisis

• 1961 - Bay of Pigs Invasion
• CIA-trained Cuban rebels landed by U.S. Navy.
• Defeated by Castros communists.
• 1962 Soviet nuclear missiles move to Cuba.
• Located by Air Force U-2 reconnaissance plane.
• Options for President Kennedy
• Air strikes or invasion too risky - may start
  war.
• Blockade or Quarantine of missiles established
  by Navy.
• 22 Oct 62- fleet directed to block military
  shipments from Cuba.
• 24 Oct 62- Soviet Ships reverse course, only one
  boarded
• Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles.

25
Cuban Missile Crisis

• Conventional engagementinvolving small ships
• No attack carriers directly involved, but global
  U.S. alert including carriers world-wide
• Soviet had no symmetrical, opposing forces
• No fleet action no hostilities
• Khrushchev and Kennedy played crucial roles!
• Soviet naval policy reviewed.
• Need a more balanced Navy of surface, subsurface,
  and air forces to challenge U.S. for command of
  the seas.

26
Indochina

• Former French colony.
• Japanese occupation - WW II.
• 1945 Ho Chi Minh founds Democratic Republic of
  Vietnam.
• Communist government.
• Reoccupied by French forces.
• 1947 Vietnamese war for independence begins.
• Vietnamese rural population supports Vietminh
  communists while French control cities.
• France appeals to U.S. for support.
• Truman approves military aid to French forces.
• 1954 Dien Bien Phu - French surrender to
  Vietminh.
• Eisenhower refuses to aid French with carrier
  strikes.
• Operation Passage to Freedom
• SEATO established
• Vietnam divided between communist North and
  South.
• U.S. military advisors to South Vietnam.

27
American Involvement in Vietnam

• French imperialism in Indochina
• Dilemma for U.S. policymakers Supporting
  colonialism versus opposing the spread of
  communism.
• Vietnam split into North and South at 17th
  parallel in 1954.
• Cambodia and Laos become independent states.
• Viet Cong communist rebels in the South backed by
  the North.
• U.S. support to South Vietnam
• Gradual buildup of military / CIA advisors
  (1954-1963).
• Opposition to communist incursion from the North.
• Part of U.S. Cold War Containment strategy.
• Kennedy increases number of U.S. advisors to
  17,000 by 1963.
• President Diem assassinated - military government
  installed.

28
Robert S. McNamara

• Secretary of Defense in Kennedy and Johnson
  Administrations.
• Use of mathematical models to calculate required
  military force in Vietnam.
• Attempted to avoid escalation of the war by
  putting restrictions on military operations.

29
Tonkin Gulf Incident - 1964

• U.S. Seventh Fleet operating off Vietnam coast.
• Surveillance and covert operations against North
  Vietnam.
• Destroyers USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy
• Night attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats
  reported.
• Evidence supports North Vietnams claim that no
  torpedo boats were present in the area.
• Carrier strikes ordered in retaliation.
• Tonkin Gulf Resolution
• LBJ requests authority from Congress to increase
  U.S. involvement.
• Congressional approval for the President to take
  all necessary measures to repel any armed
  attack in Vietnam.
• Strikes ended quickly because of Pres. Johnsons
  desire to remain a peace candidate.

30
Rolling Thunder

• Theory punish north until it stops supporting
  V.C. in South
• Reality lasted intermittently un 31 OCT 68
• Interrupted by 7 bombing halts which North used
  to rebuild
• 304,000 fighter bombers and 2,380 B-52 sorties
• Evaluation

31
Coastal Patrol Force Operation Market
Time (March 1965- December 1972)
32
Market Time

• Coastal interdiction of supplies moved from N.
  Vietnam to South Vietnam by small boats, etc.
• Improvised Force
• 84 PCF armed with .50 cal machine guns and 81-mm
  mortar.
• Destroyers, destroyer escorts, minesweepers
• Coast Guard Cutters
• Not unlike Norths blockade during Civil War

33
Brown Water Navy

• Deny use of Mekong River and tributaries
• Specially designed and improvised small craft
• 50 FT, aluminum hull fast patrol craft (PCFs),
  .50 cal and 81-mm
• 31 ft, fiberglass, river patrol boat. 25 knots
• Monitors, armored troop carriers (ATC)
• Highly Dangerous
• Less effective and more costly than coastal
  interdiction
• Turned over to S. Vietnamese during
  Vietnamization in Feb 69
• Naval Command Structure, Apr 66 Creation of
  U.S. Naval Forces, Vietnam

34
S. Viet Junk Boat Force operating during Market
Time
Certain evaluation Forced North Vietnam to
expand and rely more heavily on the overland Ho
Chi Minh Trail running south through Laos and
Cambodia.
35
Mobile Riverine Force of the Brown Water
Navy Operation Game Warden (December 1965-
September 1968
36
River Patrol Boat
37
Huey Landing on ATC
38
Monitor leading ATCs
39
Assault Support Patrol Boat..sinking
40
SEALS on a Assault Boat on Mekong Delta
41
Tet Offensive -- January 1968

• Conceived by N. Vietnams General Vo Nguyen Giap,
  architect of Dien Bien Phu (1954 defeat of
  France)
• Combine attack by N Vietnamese and Vietcong
• Goal popular uprising (failed)
• Achieve Dien Bien Phu- like tactical battlefield
  victory for propaganda purposes
• Scope
• Struck at 36 of 44 provincial capital and
  military bases (most notably, Hue and Khe Sanh)
• 100 other villages

42
Marines in the Tet Offensive

• Hue City
• Ancient capital of Vietnam.
• Held by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong for 26
  days.
• Retaken by Marines and South Vietnamese forces.
• Street fighting from house to house.
• Khe Sanh
• Important base in northern South Vietnam near
  DMZ.
• 6,000 Marines under siege by 20,000 North
  Vietnamese Army regular troops.
• Supplied by air drops and supported with air
  strikes.
• Eventually abandoned.

43
Hue City
44
Khe Sanh
45
Vietnamization

• Turning over the war to S. Vietnamese with
  withdrawing American forces as quickly as
  possible
• U.S. forces reduced from over 500,000
  combat/combat support to a handful of advisors.
• Hanoi signed Paris Accords (Jan 1973) calling for
  cease-fire throughout S. Vietnam and release of
  POWs
• Nixon opens to China and conducts arms limitation
  summit with Moscow
• Peace negotiations in Paris - Henry Kissinger.
• U.S. withdraws forces from South Vietnam.
• North Vietnam agrees to allow South Vietnam to
  decide government in a free election and to
  release American POWs.
• Linebacker II - Christmas 1972.
• Massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam.

46
Watching South Vietnam Go Under (1973-1975)

• Congress rejected any further military
  intervention in Southeast Asia and refused to
  appropriate the full 1 billion in military aid
  promised South Vietnam by the Nixon
  administration
• 30 April 1975 North Vietnamese forces overran
  South Vietnam South Vietnams president
  proclaimed unconditional surrender
• U.S. Embassy in Saigon evacuated, the final few
  Americans leaving by helicopter from the
  Embassys roof. In operations Eagle Pull and
  Frequent Wind, 7th Fleet evacuates remaining
  Americans and foreign nationals