Gillian Mason

1
PS11A - PSYCHOLOGY LABORATORY AND METHODS
ABNORMAL, SOCAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL

• Gillian Mason
• 2007/2008

2
Typing

• Typed / printed on a computer.
• Double space throughout the entire manuscript
  except the abstract.
• One inch margins on the left, right, top, and
  bottom of the page.
• Use normal paragraphs
• 12 point font. Times New Roman

3
Writing in General

• You must use complete sentences.
• Do not use contractions. That is, instead of
  it's, use it is.
• If you are doubtful about the spelling of a word,
  do not guess.
• Proofread the copy that you submit and do correct
  minor typographical errors, formatting, spelling,
  or even the wording, with a pencil. These
  corrections are inevitable and will communicate
  that you are serious about your work.

4
Abbreviations and Numbers

• When abbreviating any terms, spell them out the
  first time
• The numbers zero through nine are spelled out
  (except when it is a table or figure number, or a
  metric measurement, etc.). The numbers 10 and
  above are written as numbers.
• In the abstract, use digits for all numbers
  except when they begin a sentence.
• Spell out any number when it is the first thing
  in a sentence.

5
Citations in the Text

• If you use someone's words or ideas, credit with
  a citation. The penalties for plagiarism are
  severe.
• Eg Some fact (last name, year).,
• Last name (year) noted that..., or
• In ltyeargt, ltlast namegt reported that...
• The first time the reference is cited in the
  text, spell out all of the authors last names.
  Example, Miller, Rosellini, and Seligman (1975)
  suggested that...
• With articles with three or more authors use et
  al. when the reference is cited a second (or
  third) time. For example, Miller et al. (1975)
  suggested that... or ... some fact (Miller et
  al., 1975).

6
Citations in the Text

• Citation in parentheses needing "and", use the
  ampersand (''). e.g. (Estes Skinner, 1940)
• Multiple citations in parentheses are placed
  alphabetically and are separated by a semicolon
  and a space. For example, Some fact (Carlson,
  1972 Moon, 1968 Partin, 1980).
• Citing second hand make it clear (e.g., Some
  fact (Smith, as cited in Jones, 2000).

7
Handling Quotes in Your Text

• Authors last name, publication year, and page
  number(s) of quote must appear in the text
• Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response
  frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled
  repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other
  intrusive phenomena (p.11).
• A traumatic response frequently entails a
  delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of
  hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena
  (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

8
Quotations

• You must give page numbers for direct quotes. For
  example, Smith (1978) noted that "the world is
  round" (p. 1).
• Display quotations of more than 40 words as
  free-standing block of text indented 5 spaces
  from the left margin (doubles spaced as usual).
  Omit the quotation marks and include the page
  number in parentheses after the last period.
  Also, if the quotation is more than one
  paragraph, indent the first line of the second
  and any additional paragraphs 5 spaces.

9
Handling Parenthetical Citations

• Sometimes additional information is necessary . .
  .
• More than one author with the same last name
• (H. James, 1878) (W. James, 1880)
• Two or more works in the same parentheses
• (Caruth, 1996 Fussell, 1975 Showalter, 1997)
• Work with six or more authors
• (Smith et al., 1998)
• Specific part of a source
• (Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

10
Handling Parenthetical Citations

• If the source has no known author, then use an
  abbreviated version of the title
• Full Title California Cigarette Tax Deters
  Smokers
• Citation (California, 1999)

11
Handling Parenthetical Citations

• A reference to a personal communication
• Source email message from C. Everett Koop
• Citation (C. E. Koop, personal communication,
  May 16, 1998)
• A general reference to a web site
• Source Jamaica Psychological Society web site
• Citation (http//www.japsysoc.org)

12
Research Reports The order of the sections of
the manuscript are as follows

• Title Page
• The manuscript page header
• The running head
• Choosing a title.
• When typing the title, center it on the page and
  capitalize only the first letter of important
  words. On the next double spaced line is the
  author's name and on the next double spaced line
  is the institutional affiliation.
• For the purposes of this class, I would also like
  you to include something like In partial
  fulfillment of the requirements for PS11A,
  Instructor's Name, ID and the Date.

13

• 1 Attitudes Towards Abortion
• Running head ABORTION ATTITUDES IN COLLEGE
  STUDENTS
• Attitudes Towards Abortion
• in Caribbean College Students
• Mark Plonsky
• University of the West Antilles James Bond
• In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
  PS11A
• Instructor's Name

14
Abstract

• The abstract page is Page 2.
• Center the word Abstract on this page, begin
  typing on the very next double-spaced line.
• Concise (120 word maximum), and specific
• Use digits for all numbers except when they begin
  a sentence.
• No references in the abstract.

15
Introduction Method

• Introduction
• Use normal (5 space indented) paragraphs. Do not
  type the word Introduction.
• include any hypotheses and the rationale for
  them.
• Method
• Center the word Method and continue typing on the
  very next double-spaced line (i.e., do not insert
  any extra blank lines here).
• For an experiment, divide into four subsections
  subjects/participants, apparatus/instrument,
  design, and procedure.
• For a survey study the design section is not
  necessary (survey itself may be included as an
  appendix).
• Subsections flush with the left margin and
  italicized. On the next line, begin typing normal
  paragraphs.

16
Results

• Results
• Center the word Results and continue typing on
  the very next double-spaced line (i.e., do not
  insert any extra blank lines here).
• The format for presenting an inferential
  statistic is Statistic (df) value, probability
  value. (e.g. x² df3, p0.00)
• Do not discuss implications of the results in
  this section.

17
Discussion

• Center the word Discussion and continue typing on
  the very next double-spaced line (i.e., do not
  insert any extra blank lines here).
• Start off with
• a recap of the purpose of the study
• a brief, non-technical summary of the results.
• Discuss the implications of the results by itself
  and how it relates to the literature discussed in
  your introduction.

18
Reference Page

• A list of every source that you make reference to
  in your paper in ALPHABETICAL order (by last name
  of the first author involved in the study). .
• Provides the information necessary for a reader
  to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your
  paper.
• Each retrievable source cited in the essay must
  appear on the reference page, and vice versa.

19
References

• Start on a new page. Center the word References
  at the top.
• A hanging indent is employed for each reference
• For each author, give the last name followed by a
  comma and the first (and middle) initials
  followed by periods.
• Separate multiple authors with commas and the
  last author with the ampersand ('') rather than
  the word "and".
• After the author (s) comes the year (in
  parentheses and followed by a period).
• For a journal reference, italicize the title of
  the journal and the volume number.
• For a book reference, just italicize the title.
  Only capitalize the first word of the title. Do
  include the city, state (as a two-letter
  abbreviation without periods), and the
  publisher's name.

20
References Some Examples

• BookShay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam
  Combat trauma and the undoing of character.
  New York Touchstone.
• Article in a MagazineKlein, J. (1998, October
  5). Dizzy days. The
• New Yorker, 40-45.

21
References Some Examples

• Web pagePoland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot
  button. Roughcut. Retrieved October 28,
• 1998 from http//www.roughcut.com

22
References Some Examples

• A newspaper articleTommasini, A. (1998, October
  27). Master teachers whose artistry glows in
  private. New York Times, p. B2.
• A source with no known authorCigarette sales
  fall 30 as California tax rises. (1999,
  September 14). New York Times, p. A17.

23
Other Sections

• Tables and figures should be able to stand alone
  (i.e., you should not have to read the manuscript
  to be able to understand a table or figure). Use
  the title to help with this.
• Tables and figures should not duplicate the same
  information or information presented in the text
  of the paper.
• Tables and figures are most often used to present
  results, but may also be used to present other
  information, such as the design or a theoretical
  schema.

24
Tables

• Note that APA style tables do not contain any
  vertical lines !!!
• Type the table number and then (on the next
  double spaced line) type the table title flush
  left and italicized.

25
Figure Captions

• Each figure caption is typed flush left in block
  format.
• The word 'figure' and the number are italicized,
  for example, Figure 1. The effects of...