Orders:

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Orders 25
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Cladograms and phylograms
Bacteria 1
Bacteria 2
Cladograms show branching order - branch lengths
are meaningless
Bacteria 3
Eukaryote 1
Eukaryote 2
Eukaryote 3
Eukaryote 4
Phylograms show branch order and branch lengths
Bacteria 1
Bacteria 2
Bacteria 3
Eukaryote 1
Eukaryote 2
Eukaryote 3
Eukaryote 4
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Diagrams for Cladistic Analyses

• Cladogram is a tree diagram which depicts a
  hypothesised evolutionary history
• A Phylogram is a tree which indicates by branch
  length the degree of change believed to have
  occurred along each lineage

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Cladograms
C
A
B
Outgroup
Loss of eyes
Sonar
Nose horn
Webbed feet
Evergrowing incisors
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Mammalian Ancestors
Therapsids (order) mammal like creatures
Cynognathus
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WHAT MAKES A MAMMAL A MAMMAL?
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Mammology
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?Eomaia scansoria gen. et sp. nov.
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Eomaia scansoria
Nature 416, 816-822 (25 April 2002)
doi10.1038/416816a
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traits unique to all mammals (a short list)
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HAIR
Stratum germaniatium
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Mammary Glands Mammae
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Jaw made of one bone Dentary
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3 middle ear bones and eardrum
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TWO Occipital Condyles
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• unique to all mammals
• (list is not all inclusive--ie there are other
  traits unique to mammals)
• Hair
• Mammary glands
• Dentary-squamosal articulation
• Dentary bone
• 3 Middle ear bones
• Eardrum (typananic bone angular)
• 2 occipital condyles

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Teeth Specialization
Carnivores Herbivores Omnivores
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No Caption Found
Z.-X. Luo et al., Science 292, 1535 -1540
(2001)
Published by AAAS