Extra Credit Procedures

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Extra Credit Procedures

• Receive Stamp for Completing on time
• Grade your answers using the answer sheets
• (come in outside of class to grade Mon Wed.)
• MC write correct response, key term, pg ref.
• Give the overall raw score
• Essay responses highlight correct rersponses
• Write in added concepts not mentioned in your
  response
• Complete the grading by Jan 20th Receive 2nd
  stamp
• Turn in clean copy of the test(s)
• Point value 15 pts for each Test

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Review of Concepts (Ch. 1-15)-IQ 1

• Give three important properties of water
• How is an amino acid different from a nucleic
  acid?
• Explain how a carbohydrate is different from a
  lipid? Give three examples of each.
• How is glycolysis different from the Kreb Cycle?
  
• Give three differences between Mitosis and
  Meiosis
• Why is cholesterol an important part of a
  membrane?
• How can you tell if genes are linked?
• Name three aneuploidy conditions and three
  Autosomal recessive disorders we discussed.

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Review of Concepts (Ch. 1-15)-IQ 1

• Put these scientists in the proper Historical
  sequence according to their key discoveries.
  Generate a timeline labeling each person on it
  with the date.
• Sumner Meselson Stahl
• Morgan Peter Mitchell
• Garrod Hershey Chase
• Griffith Singer Nicholson
• Meissner Watson Crick
• Frye Edidin Avery, Macloed, McCarty

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Timeline for IQ 1

• Meissner (1868)
• Garrod (1908)
• Morgan (1910)
• Sumner (1926)
• Griffith (1928)
• Avery, McCloed, Macarty (1944)
• Hershey Chase (1952)
• Watson Crick (1953)
• Meselson Stahl (1958)
• Peter Mitchell (1961)
• Frye Edidin (1970)
• Singer Nicholson (1972)

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IQ 1 Contd

• 10) For each enzyme determine the process it is
  involved with and what it specifically does.
• Eco R1, Hind III, and BAM I Helicase
• Telomerase Lactase
• DNA Polymerase SSBPs
• Aminoacetyl-tRNA synthetase DNA ligase
• Cyclin dependent kinase (Cdks)
• Dehydrogenase (name two)
• ATP synthase
• Pyruvate kinase
• Kinase (name two from Glycolysis)

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Expected Results

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• Chapter 17 Descent with Modification
  A Darwinian View of Life

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Introductory Questions 2

• Why is evolution such a controversial subject?
• Name the key founders (original people) for the
  idea evolution.
• Name four major pieces of evidence that Darwin
  considered in formulating his theory of natural
  selection.
• Name three people that influenced Darwins
  thinking as he developed his theory.
• Name the four key observations Darwin made.
• Why is fossil evidence considered the most
  direct evidence for evolution? Approximantly,
  how many fossil species have been discovered?
• What are the three methods for generating a date
  of a fossil?

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Introductory Questions 3

• What is meant by homoplastic features?
• Organisms that are from separate ancestries adapt
  to their environments similarly from similar
  structures. This is an example of .
• How many vestigial structures have been observed
  in humans. Name three of them.
• Why is biogeography (distribution of species)
  important evidence for evolution?
• Why is the chimpanzee considered to be the
  closest living relative of humans?
• How is a phylogenetic tree generated and what
  sort of information does it provide?

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Evolutionary History

• Linnaeus taxonomy
• Hutton gradualism
• Lamarck evolution
• Malthus populations
• Cuvier Paleontology

• Lyell uniformitarianism
• Darwin evolution
• Mendel inheritance
• Wallace evolution

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Influences on Darwins Theory

• Lyell (Geologist)
• Earth was ancient ever- changing

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Influences on Darwins Theory

• Malthus (Economist)
• Survival of the Fittest
• Political Philosophical Renaissance

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Evolution

• Evolution the change over time of the
  genetic composition of populations
• Natural selection
• populations of organisms can change over the
  generations if individuals having certain
  heritable traits leave more offspring than others
  (differential reproductive success)
• Evolutionary adaptations a prevalence of
  inherited characteristics that enhance organisms
  survival and reproduction

November 24, 1859
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Descent with Modification

• 4 Observations
• -Variation
• -Overproduction
• -Limits to population
• -Differential Reproductive success

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Galapagos Islands

• Noted subtle differences in finches tortoises,
  by island compared to mainland

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Phylogenetic Tree of Darwins Finches
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Common Ancestory
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Introductory Questions 2

• Why is evolution such a controversial subject?
• Name the key founders (original people) for the
  idea evolution.
• Name four major pieces of evidence that Darwin
  considered in formulating his theory of natural
  selection.
• Name three people that influenced Darwins
  thinking as he developed his theory.
• Name the four key observations Darwin made.
• Why is fossil evidence considered the most
  direct evidence for evolution? Approximantly,
  how many fossil species have been discovered?
• What are the three methods for generating a date
  of a fossil?

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Major pieces of Evidence for Evolution

• Biogeography
• Comparative Anatomy (homologous structures)
• Comparative Embryology
• Fossils
• Post Darwin Neo Darwinism also called
  synthetic theory
• Molecular Genetics DNA/Amino acid Sequencing
• Chromosomal Changes
• Mutations

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Evolution evidence Biogeography

• Geographical distribution of species
• Examples
• Islands vs. Mainland
• Australia
• Continents

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Evolution Evidence Comparative Anatomy

• Homologous structures (homology)
• Descent from a common ancestor
• Vestigial organs Ex whale/snake
  hindlimbs wings on flightless birds

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• Analogous Structures

• Convergent Evolution due to similar
  niches

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Evolution Evidence Comparative Embryology

• Pharyngeal pouches, tails as embryos

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Evolution Evidence Molecular Biology

• Similarities in DNA, proteins, genes, and gene
  products
• Common genetic code

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Molecular evidence for common Ancestry
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Evolution Evidence The Fossil Record

• Succession of forms over time
• Transitional links
• Vertebrate descent

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Fossil Evidence

• Fossils remains and traces left behind by
  organisms
• -most direct evidence for evolution
• -provides a record of ancient organisms that
  have existed
• -able to generate a timeline
• -observe the presence of vestigial structures
• -ancestral descent and lineages can be generated
• -more aquatic fossils vs. terrestrial have been
  found
• Types of Fossils imprints, hair, nails, tissue,
  and other remains
• Locations sedimentary rock, ice, amber, tar,
  quicksand,
• petrification

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Dating Fossils

• Location within the rock strata (use index
  fossil)
• Radioactive isotopes (half-life)
• K40 half life is 1.3 billion years ?argon
• U235 half life is 704 million years ? lead
• U238 half life is 4.5 billion ? lead
• C14 half life is 5730 years ? nitrogen

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Extinct Whale w/ small hind limbs
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Evolution of the Horse
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Key Points to Remember

• A population evolves not an individual organism
• The accumulation of small changes over long
  periods of time results in larger changes
• A new species emerges with slightly different
  characteristics usually because of being
  isolated.
• How and why organisms are able to transmit
  heritable traits to the next generation was not
  explained by Darwin.

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Final words...

• Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.