Brown vs. The Board of Education

1
Brown vs.The Board of Education
Return to ACA Return to Portfolio TOC (link will
only work if in view show mode

• Dave Baniszewski
• Mike Bryant
• Helen Reyes
• David Rutledge
• EDUC 845
• Liberty University

2
The escalation of segregation in the South began
immediately after the Civil War.
3
The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, along
with the two Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1875
and the various Enforcements Acts of the early
1870s, curtailed the ability of southern whites
to formally deprive blacks of their civil rights.
4
(No Transcript)
5
The decade of the 1880s was characterized by mob
lynchings and a vicious system of convict prison
farms and chain gains
6
(No Transcript)
7
In 1890 Louisiana passes the infamous Jim Crow
law mandating separate but equal accommodations
for blacks and whites
8
By 1910, every state of the former Confederacy
had adopted laws that segregated all aspects of
life wherein blacks and whites might socially
mingle or come into contact.
9
(No Transcript)
10
Impoverished and often illiterate southern blacks
were in a weak position in the 1890s for
confronting the racist culture of Jim Crow.
11
The Land mark Supreme Court's in 1896 Plessy v.
Ferguson
12
By 1905, the issue of how to most effectively
deal with Jim Crow came to a head in the debate
between the followers of Booker T. Washington and
W.E.B. Du Bois.
In the 1930s, the NAACP, began to focus more of
its attention on a campaign to challenge
segregation
13
(No Transcript)
14
Segregation in Education
15
After the Civil War, the southern states
scrambled to recover and keep the public school
system alive. Ultimately this effort created a
dual educational system based on race.
Schools were anything but equal
16
Case Name Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537
(1896)Plaintiffs Homer Plessy Defendants
John H. Ferguson, judge of the criminal District
Court for the parish of Orleans Location New
Orleans, Louisiana Year Argued April 13, 1896
Decided May 18, 1896
Case Name State of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v.
Canada, 305 U.S. 337 (1938) Plaintiffs Lloyd
Gaines Defendants CANADA, REGISTRAR OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI Location Missouri Year
Argued November 9, 1938 Decided December 12,
1938
Case Name Cumming v. Board of Education of
Richmond County, 175 U.S. 528 (1899) Plaintiffs
Cumming, Harper and Ladeveze Defendants The
Board of Education of Richmond County and Charles
S. Bohler, tax collector. Location Richmond
County Georgia Year Argued October 30, 1899
Decided December 18, 1899
Case Name Gong Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78
(1927) Plaintiffs Gong Lum and Martha
Lum Defendants Superintendent of Education of
the State of Mississippi Location
Mississippi Year Argued October 12, 1927
Decided November 21, 1927 196
17
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

• Argued Dec. 8, 1952
• Reargued Dec. 7, 1953
• Decided May 17, 1954
• Key Players
• Thurgood Marshall
• Rev. Oliver Brown
• Linda Brown
• Chief Justice Earl Warren

18
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

• Several Cases Were Combined into One
• Delaware Belton v Gebhart
• Kansas Brown v Board of Education
• South Carolina Briggs v Elliot
• Virginia Davis v County School Board of Prince
• Edward County
• Washington, DC Bolling v Melvin Sharpe

19
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

• Separate educational facilities are inherently
  unequal.

20
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KansasThe
Issue

• Schools approached equality in terms of
  buildings, curricula, qualifications, and teacher
  salaries.
• Nevertheless, despite equality of objective
  factors, intangible issues foster and maintain
  inequality.

21
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

• This case was not simply about children and
  education.
• This new law had far reaching social and
  ideological implications that continue to be felt
  throughout the nation and the world.
• The struggle for Human Rights throughout the
  world can trace its roots back to this case.
• Reinforced the supremacy of the power of the
  people in protecting natural rights from
  arbitrary limitations imposed by governments.

22
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

• The case did not abolish segregation in other
  public areas, such as restaurants and restrooms,
  nor did it place a time frame for implementation
  of the law.
• Other pioneers would take up the torch of freedom
  and carry on the challenge.

23
1960s
24
Greensboro Four
25
Freedom Riders
26
Segregation Forever
27
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
28
Bloody Sunday
29
NOW Poll Tax Laws
30
Justice Injustice
31
Court Cases Legislation

• March Griggs v. Duke Power Company
• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
• Palmer v. Thompson
• ERA
• Title IX Education Amendments

32
Court Cases

• San Antonio Independent School District v.
  Rodriguez
• State Constitutional Challenges
• Public School Race Riots
• Education for All Handicapped Children Act

33
Court Cases

• Affirmative Action
• Brown III

34
Reagan Administration

• Emergency School Aid Act
• Los Angeles
• Segregation
• Desegregation
• Segregation Again

35
Race Gender
36
1988

• Desegregations High Water Mark

37
Board of Education v. Dowell 1991

• The Slide Begins

38
Reality vs. Assumptions
39
Survey Says..

• Dont Do as I Do, Do As I Say

40
Segregated? Not in My Neighborhood!

• Where Segregation Integration Occur

41
School Segregation Current Trends Regular
Public School Enrollments by Race/Ethnicity and
Region, 2000 - 2001
Region Total Enrollment White Black Latino Asian Pacific Indian Alaskan
South 14,361,152 53.6 27.4 16.5 2.1 0.4
Border 3,478,610 71.0 20.6 3.3 1.9 3.3
Northeast 8,227,746 67.4 15.5 12.4 4.4 0.3
Midwest 9,837,237 76.3 14.4 6.0 2.3 0.9
West 10,785,326 50.5 6.6 33.0 7.8 2.1
Alaska 133,356 61.5 4.6 3.4 5.5 25.0
Hawaii 184,360 20.4 2.3 4.5 72.3 0.4
Bureau of Indian Affairs Schools 46,938 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
U.S. Total 47,054,725 61.2 17.1 16.3 4.1 1.3
Reprinted with permission from the Civil Rights
Project, Harvard University
42
The Affect of Shifting Demographics
43
School Segregation Current Trends Racial
Composition of Schools Attended by the Average
Student of Each Race, 2001 - 2001
44
Signs of Hope?

• Grutter v. Bollinger

45
Thirty Years and Counting.
46

• Segregation is evil because it scars the soul of
  both the segregated and the segregator. It gives
  the segregated a false sense of inferiority and
  it gives the segregator a false sense of
  superiority. It does something to the soul.this
  is why segregation is utterly evil and utterly
  un-Christian. It substitutes an "I/It"
  relationship for the "I/Thou" relationship.
  Martin Luther King Jr.