Coral Reef MPAs in Okinawa, Japan

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Coral Reef MPAs in Okinawa, Japan

• Shinichiro Kakuma
• Research Institute for Subtropics
• October 2006
• Cozumel Mexico

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Amami
Okinawa
Senkaku
Daito
Miyako

Ishigaki

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Okinawa
Fiji
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Samoa
New Caledonia
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Solomon Islands
Indonesia
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Coastal Fish Catch in Okinawa
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Sedentary Species Catch in Okinawa
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Bleaching
Major Disturbing Factors for Coral Reefs in
Okinawa
Soil Run off
COTS
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MPAs in 5 districts in Okinawa were Compared for
setting effective coral reef MPAs.

• 1. Ishigaki government-based no-take and giant
  cram MPAs
• 2. Onna community-based shellfish MPAs
• 3. Zamami community-based diving MPAs
• 4. Yaeyama co-managed emperor fish MPAs
• 5. Nakijin co-managed emperor fish MPAs

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Fig. 1 Kabira Bay and Nagura Bay MPAs in
Ishigaki Island, Okinawa.
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Fig. 2 The sedentary species MPAs in Onna
Village, Okinawa.
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T. crocea, 4 years after restocking
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Fig. 4 The locations of three MPAs for both
diving and fishing in Zamami village, Okinawa.
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Government-base vs. Community-base
Hogosuimen (1975 2006) Government-based
MPAs Strong legal basis Rigid for
amendment Government enforcement ? Much
scientific research (reports for 30
years) Spillover effect on a giant clam
Onna Zamami Community-based MPAs Weak legal
basis Flexible for amendment Community
enforcement well Less scientific research
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Onna village (1987) Targets sedentary
species Seaweed aquaculture for alternative
income Enhance shellfish stocks with hatchery
production Support and add government
rules Extension officers helped Similar to CBM
in Samoa
Zamami village (1998) Diving and fishing
MPAs Avoid overuse by diving Control COTS by
fishermen and divers Restrict access after
opening a MPA One MPA was heavily damaged
without monitoring
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Fig. 3 The locations of four MPAs for
Kuchinagi, an emperor fish, in Yaeyama,
Okinawa.
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Otolith
L. atkinsoni 305 29.8 cm FL male
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Plot of age and FL in L. atkinsoni
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Fig. 5 The locations of two MPAs for
Hamafuefuki, an emperor fish, in Nakijin,
Okinawa.
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Emperor fish catch
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Emperor fish MPAs
Yaeyama (1998 2002) Input research
results Target an emperor fish (L. atkinsoni)
but no-take MPAs for spawning aggregation From
April to May CPUE slightly decreased Natural
recruitment down MPAs are finished Little
government follow-up
Nakijin (2000 ) Input research results Target
an emperor fish (L. nebulosus) but no-take MPAs
for juvenile fish (0 to 1 year old) From August
to November Catch of older fish
increased Natural recruitment up MPAs are
continued Much government follow-up
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Lessons Learned

• 1. Need more co-managed MPAs
• Local government follow-up is important for
  sustainable MPAs
• 2. Rules were made by the communities
• 3. Quantitative research on spillover effect is
  needed
• 4. MPAs for sedentary species are easier
• 5. Need alternative income for sustainable MPAs
• 6. Need adaptive management approach, with less
  information, to decide MPA size

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Roles of the Local Government in the co-management

• 1. Provide scientific information
• 2. Dispatch extension officers
• 3. Provide hatchery produced juveniles
• 4. Support activities for alternative income