Third Week1

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Third Week-1

• Albania and Macedonia

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Balkans Today
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News

• President Boris Tadic group to draft
  constitution for Serbia
• Proposes Serbia as one republic with two
  provinces, Kosova and Vojvodina
• Political issues with PM Vojislav Kotunica

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Map
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Film Before the Rain

• Novice Kiril discovers visitor
• Murder suspect-fugitive-Albanian
• Relatives of victimsearch
• Violence
• Suspense

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Rain-2

• Kiril and Zamira are discovered
• Kiril is kicked out of the monastery
• Kiril and Zemfira leave together
• Zemfiras grandfather and brothers/cousins find
  them
• Zemfira tries to leave with Kiril and is killed
  by her brother

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Rain 3

• Section section (Faces first was Words)
• Anne showers, weeping
• Anne finds out shes pregnant
• Anne meets her mother
• Alexander joins them
• Alex and Anne in the taxi

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Rain 4

• Be ready for narrative surprises, shifts in
  chronology
• Violence continues why?

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Macedonia
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• Geographic Macedonia
• Northar and Rila Mountains
• East Rhodope Mountains to Aegean Sea
• West Debar, Struga, Lake Ohrid, Prespa Lakes,
  Pindus Mountains
• South Mt. Olympos

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Ottoman Domination

• Conquered in 1389
• 19th century Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria make
  claims on Macedonian territory
• Independence movements around turn of century
  (1900)
• Partitioned by Treaty of London in 1913 Greece,
  Bulgaria, Serbia, and Albania

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Before and After Partition (1913)
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Post-WWI

• Greece actively promoting Greek-ness of
  Macedonia
• Numerous independence activities
• WWII Nazi Bulgaria occupied Macedonia
• Resistance efforts independent Macedonia (in
  part)
• Not recognized by Greece

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Republic of Macedonia 1991

• Name issues with Greece
• Officially The Former Yugoslav Republic of
  Macedonia
• Problems with Albania too origins, original
  territory rights
• Refugee problems

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Leaders Today

• President Branko Crvenkovski
• Prime minister Vlado Buckovski

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Albania

• Population 3.5 million
• Illyrian heritage (pre-Greek)
• Occupied territory long before Slavs
• Distinctive language
• Centuries of Turkish occupation
• Occupied Kosova, but never held it long
• Complex role in WWII
• Very secular state
• Animosity based on memory of massacres

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History of Albania

• The Sahat Kulla (Clock Tower) and Ethem Bey's
  Mosque \
• Tirana (capital)

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Very Early History

• Illyrian settlements (BC)
• Wars with Greeks in the South (BC)
• Wars with Romans in the North (BC)
• Roman control in 2nd century BC
• Visigoths, Huns, Ostrogoths and Slavs 5th and 6th
  Centuries AD
• Byzantines, Bulgarians and Normans later Serbs,
  Turks (Ottoman Empire) and Venetians

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Ottoman domination 1479-1912

• 1878 Albanian League begins struggle for
  independence (in Kosova)
• Uprisings in 1881, 1910, 1912
• Declaration of Independence in 1912
• Territory ceded to Serbia in 1913 by London
  Ambassadors Conference

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Ottoman Empire, mid-16th
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WWI-WWII

• Occupied by Greece, France, Italy, Serbia,
  Austria-Hugary
• Ahmet Zogu leader in 20s and 30s
• Enver Hoxha (Communist) led resistance in 1940s,
  WWII
• Peoples Republic in 1946
• Maintained independence and isolation from world
  powers, with special Chinese connections

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After Communism

• Hoxha died in 1985
• Communist rule ended in 1992
• Severe economic problems
• Migration of workers abroad
• Territory claims by Greece (which calls part of
  Albania Northern Epiros)
• Support for Kosova and Macedonian Albanians

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Enver Hoxha
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Facts

• Population 3.2 million (UN, 2004)
• Capital Tirana
• Major religion Islam
• Life expectancy 71 years (men), 77 years (women)
  (UN)
• Main exports Chromium and chrome products,
  processed foodstuffs

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Politics

• President Alfred Moisiu
• Prime minister Fatos Nano

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Mazower

• Geography of the Balkans
• Mountains obstacle to easy travel, canal systems
• Rainfall, agriculture drought reigns
• Variable land much desolate, some wooded
• Balkan rivers not easy to use
• Questionable roads
• Unreliable railways
• Robber, brigands

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Mazower continued

• Population densities low
• Growth in the 16th (under Ottomans)
• Decline in 17th plagues
• Recovery by beginning of 19th century
• Increase at beginning of 20th (1920 42.5m)
• New issues emigration and brigandage
• Since 1960 patterns like much of Europe

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More Mazower Factors

• Shift from village to city
• Pressures on peasant
• Taxes
• Bureaucracy
• Backwardness lure of urban modernity
• Land issues mountain settlement issues
• Turkish landlords replaced by Balkan bureaucrats

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Demographic and economic dilemmas

• Not enough wealth creation in villages
• Emigration
• Migration to the cities
• Hills to plains to cities
• End of peasant society

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Reading Advice

• Scan Mazower and Hupchik
• Use for reference when you turn to Kaplan and
  Hall and when you read fiction by Andric and
  Drakulic