IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please read first

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IMPORTANT NOTICE Please read first!

• DISCLAIMER
• The following translated document originates from
  Brazil, is based on Brazilian data and
  experience, and was developed by EMBRAPA for
  Brazilian farmers. Aspects of SBR development and
  fungicide efficacy comparisons may not be the
  same under U.S. and Brazilian conditions.
  Similarly, certain control measures suggested by
  Brazilian officials reflect the unique SBR
  situation in Brazil, as well as year-round
  soybean production in certain parts of that
  country. Therefore, do not use this information
  for making fungicide purchasing or SBR control
  decisions in the U.S. Instead, use control
  measures developed by your states Land Grant
  University scientists. Be advised that fungicide
  product names for the same active ingredient and
  manufacturer are typically different for Brazil
  and the U.S. however,  the common names for the
  active ingredient (such as tebuconazole or
  propiconazole or azoxystrobin) are the same in
  both countries.
• For more information or clarification about the
  translated document, contact
• D. Hershman
• Extension Plant Pathologist
• University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY
• dhershma_at_uky.edu

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SOYBEAN RUST Identification Management Control
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History 1902 first report in
Japan 1914 in southeast Asia 1976 -
Puerto Rico 1979 - Lavras, MG - Dr. Josué
Deslandes 1990 - Uganda, Kenya and
Rwuanda 1998 - Zimbabwe 2001 -
Paraguai and Brazil 2002 Argentina
2003 - Bolivia 2004 Uruguai,Colombia and
USA

• Up to 1992 only one species identified as
  soybean rust
• Phakopsora pachyrhizi
• In 1992 found a 2nd species causing rust on
  soybean
• P. meibomiae American rust
• P. pachyrhizi Asian rust

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Soybean rust around the world

• 2004

1996
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Evolution of soybean rust in Brazil 2000/2004
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2001/02
2000/01
2002/03
2003/04
Actual status
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Cruzaltinha, RS 2002
BRS 154
3.015 kg/ha
1.632 kg/ha
Losses 46
treated
Control
3.022 kg/ha
2.344 kg/ha
BRS 153
Losses 23
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São Desidério, BA - 2003
3550 kg/ha
1470 kg/ha
Losses 58
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Treated
Control
Pirapó, Paraguai 2001
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Losses Crop Season 2003/04

• Fungicides spray US 860 million
• 2. Yield taxes US 1.2 billion
• 3. Total US 2.06 billion

Cost of Fungicides US 30/ha (1 spray)
Lazzaroto Roessing, 2004
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Consortium anti-rust Disease identification,
management and control
Capacitation of 100,000 farmers in 2005
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Initial Symptoms
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Soybean Rust Typical symptomstiny dark brown
lesions leaves become yellow and falls.
J.T. Yorinori
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Soybean rust Symptoms are easily identified
againts bright background
J.T. Yorinori
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Soybean Rust Diagnosis is confirmed through
observation of small blisters on the underside
of soybean leaves.
C.V. Godoy
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Soybean Rust 30 X lens to observe uredias in the
leaf
J.T. Yorinori
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uredias
W.M. Paiva
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First detection in Brazil Foz do Iguaçu, PR -
2001
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Symptoms Evolution And Defoliation
5-7 days after inoculation
J.T. Yorinori
Bright background
J.T. Yorinori
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9 Days after inoculation
J.T. Yorinori
Bright background
J.T. Yorinori
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25 days after inoculation Yellowing and
defoliation
J.T. Yorinori
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Initial symptons ocurred in R1-R2
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Early defoliation due to Asian Rust
São Desidério/ BA - J.T. Yorinori
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MATO GROSSO
Primavera do Leste, MT 21.02.03
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MATO GROSSO
Primavera do Leste, MT 21.02.03
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• Rust on the cotyledons - rare

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• Rust on the stems uncomon

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• Rust on the pods - rare

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Etiology
desease
Cycle 5-7 (9-11) days
time
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Spore germination pattern
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development
Free water on leaf surface Minimum 6
h Optimun12 - 14 h
Direct penetration through stomata
Infection
Symptoms show up 5 days after inoculation
Germination (optimun 180C 260C) Penetration
Reproduction
M. Iamauti
G.N.Agrios
W.M.Paiva
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Disease misidentification
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Brown spot Septoria glycines
J.T. Yorinori
J.T. Yorinori
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Bacterial blight Pseudomonas savastanoi pv.
glycinea
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Downy mildew Peronospora manshurica
Soybean rust
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Bacterial pustule Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.
glycines
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Chemical Control
When to control ? Scouting fields/sentinels to
observe at the earliest sign of infcetion.
Spray right after first symptoms are observed
(pustules on plant botton leaves) or spray
preventively, considering

• Presence of symptoms in the sentinel plots,
• Reduced operational capacity,
• Favorable weather conditions,
• Plant development stage,
• Rust present in the region,
• Incidence of other diseases (broad range
  fungicide).

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Number of sprays?

• Stage of plant development when rust occurs
• Reincidence of rust
• Cost/benefits of the treatment (V2?)

Vegetative
Reproductive
W.M.Paiva
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Products Registered for rust control in Brazil
AGROFIT www.agricultura.gov.br
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Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da
ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) -
observar cadastro no estado
continua
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continuação
Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da
ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) -
observar cadastro no estado
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Efficiency of fungicides is closely related to
spray techniques
IMPORTANT Reach the target with an adequate
coverage. (minimun 60 drops/cm2))
J.T. Yorinori
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The Green Bridge Problem
Primavera do Leste, MT 2003
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RESISTANCE
Lesion type TAN no necrosis
J.T. Yorinori
Lesion type RB - reddish brown
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Resistance

• There are four major genes Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3 e
  Rpp4
• Resistant cultivars BRS 134
• BRSMS Bacuri
• CS 201
• FT-2
• FT-3
• FT-17
• FT-2001
• Campos Gerais
• KIS 601
• Ocepar 7

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Tianá
Pirarara
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Tianá
MTBR 19923
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Screening Genotypes
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STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL

• Crop Management between seasons
• Eliminate volunteer plants
• Avoid a second soybean crop (safrinha)
• Avoid winter irrigated soybeans. Need 3-4 sprays

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Spray at the right time.
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Soybean Volunteer plant
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
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Kudzu infected with rust and soybeans, side by
side in Paraguai.
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Early plantings producing inocula for late
plantings
J.T. Yorinori
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Scouting and Chemical Control

• Plot Sentinels

• Susceptible cultivars sowed before normal time
  without fungicide treatment

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Scouting and Chemical Control

• Make the scouting as large as possible, keeping
  more attention to the first sowings and humid
  areas

• Walking and frequency of sampling
• after emergence and intensify after flowering
• after evidences of infection in the region

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Scouting and Chemical Control

• Colect middle and bottom leaves

J.T. Yorinori
J.T. Yorinori
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Scouting and Chemical Control

• Look for symptoms of rust

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Scouting and Chemical Control

• Incubate leaves for easy diagnosis
• In case of doubt, send leaves to well trained
  laboratory for diagnosis

J.T.Yorinori
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Laboratories localized in the principal regions
http//www.cnpso.embrapa.br/alerta
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Rust Dispersion Information System
http//www.cnpso.embrapa.br/alerta
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• Thank you
• for yor attention!