Figure 213 Page 33

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Figure 2-13Page 33
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Figure 2-15Page 34
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Figure 2-14Page 34
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Table 2-2Page 36
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Figure 5-11Page 104
Pressure applied to piston to resist upward
movement
Water plus solute
Pure water
Selectively permeable membrane
Molecule of solute
Water molecule
Net movement of water molecules
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Outside cell
Outside cell
Outside cell
Inside cell
Inside cell
Inside cell
(a)
No net water movement
Net water movement out of the cell
Net water movement into the cell
(b)
(c)
10µm
Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution
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Freshwater fish
Loses saltby diffusion
Water gainby osmosis
Drinksno water
Large volumeof hypotonicurine
Kidney withlarge glomeruli
Salt uptakeby gills
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Marine bony fish
Water lossby osmosis
Gains saltsby diffusion
Drinkssalt water
Small volume ofisotonic urine
Salt excretedthrough gills
Kidney withsmall or noglomeruli
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Cartilaginous fish (shark)
Water gainby osmosis
Salts diffuse inthrough gills
Salt-excretinggland
Somesalt waterswallowedwith food
Kidney withlarge glomerulireabsorbs urea
Large volume ofhypotonic urine
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Excretory organs in terrestrial vertebrates
Some water lossby evaporation
Blood filteredwater reabsorbedby kidney
Drinks water
Hypertonicurine
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Distalconvoluted tubule
Renal pyramids (medulla)
Juxtamedullarynephron
Cortical nephron
Capsule
Capsule
Renal cortex
Proximalconvolutedtubule
Renal medulla
Renal cortex
Glomerulus
Renal hilus
Bowman'scapsule
Renal artery
Arteryand vein
Loop ofHenle
Renal vein
Renal medulla
Renalpelvis
Ureter
Collecting duct
Papilla
Structure of the kidney
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Figure 46-7Page 902
The human urinary system
Adrenal gland
Left renalartery
Right kidney
Right renal vein
Hilus
Renal pelvis
Left kidney
Inferior vena cava
Abdominalaorta
Ureteral orifices
Right and leftureters
Urinarybladder
Externalurethral orifice
Urethra
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General regions of filtration, reabsorption, and
secretion
REABSORPTIONAND SECRETION
Proximal tubule
FILTRATION
Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus
REABSORPTIONAND SECRETION
REABSORPTIONOF H2OURINE CONCENTRATED
Distal tubule
Collecting duct
Capillaries
Renal artery
To renalpelvis
Renal vein
Loop of Henle
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Regulation of urine volume by antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
Low fluid intake
Receptors in thehypothalamus
Posteriorpituitary
Low blood volume and increased osmotic pressure
Increased bloodvolume anddecreasedosmotic
pressure
Inhibit viareceptors
Secretedby theposteriorpituitary
ADH
Collecting duct
Nephron
H2O
H2O
H2O
Kidney
H2O
H2O
Greater waterreabsorption
H2O
Lower urinevolume
Collecting ductsof the kidneysbecome
morepermeable