Brain Control of Movement

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Brain Control of Movement
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Hierarchy of Motor Control

• Strategy association areas of neocortex and
  basal ganglia.
• Tactics motor cortex and cerebellum.
• Execution brain stem and spinal cord.

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Fig. 14.2
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Descending Spinal Tracts

• Lateral column involved in voluntary movement
  of distal musculature- under direct cortical
  control.
• Ventromedial column involved in the control of
  posture and locomotion- under brain stem control.
• Certain aspects of locomotion under indirect
  cortical control.

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Fig. 14.7
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Somatotopy of Motor Area M1
Fig. 14.8
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Fig. 14.7
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PMA and preparing for Motor Response
Fig. 14.9
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The Basal Ganglia- Why Should We Care?

• Major source of input to Area 6 (SMA PMA) is
  VLo of the thalamus
• Major input to VLo is from the basal ganglia
• I.e. basal ganglia ? VLo ? Area 6

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Fig. 14.11
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Basal Ganglia and Associated Structures

• Striatum caudate nucleus putamen target of
  cortical input.
• Globus pallidus source of output to the
  thalamus.
• Substantia nigra- in midbrain reciprocally
  connected to basal ganglia.
• Direct path frontal cortex ? striatum ? globus
  pallidus ? VLo ? SMA

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The Motor Loop and Disinhibition
Fig. 14.12
Direct path frontal cortex ? striatum (c.n.
putamen) ? globus pallidus ? VLo ? SMA
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Box 14.2
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The Motor Loop and Disinhibition
Fig. 14.12
Direct path frontal cortex ? striatum (c.n.
putamen) ? globus pallidus ? VL ? SMA
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Fig. 14.17
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In and Around the Cerebellum

• Deep cerebellar nuclei relay output from the
  cortex of the cerebellum to brain stem
  structures.
• Pontine nuclei receive massive input from
  frontal areas 4 and 6, somatosensory areas, and
  posterior parietal areas project to the
  cerebellum.

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Fig. 14.18