Computer Basics

1
Computer Basics

• Computer Technology

2
The History of the Computer

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Computer Evolution

• 1642 Blaise Pascal mechanical adding machine

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Computer Evolution

• Early 1800s Jacquard uses punch cards to
  control the pattern of the weaving loom.
• 1832 Charles Babbage - invents the Difference
  Engine

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The Punch Card

• 1890 Herman Hollerith invents a machine using
  punch card to tabulate info for the Census. He
  starts the company that would later be IBM.

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Evolution (continued)

• 1946 Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC
  computer, first electronic computer is unveiled
  at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next
  slide)

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ENIAC Computer

• Miles of wiring
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• Thousands of resistors and switches
• No monitor
• 3,000 blinking lights
• Cost 486,000
• 100,000 additions per second
• Weighed 30 tons
• Filled a 30x50 foot room
• Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted
  up

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1943

• Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while working
  on the Mark I programming project.
• She invented the phrase bug an error in a
  program that causes a program to malfunction.

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1950s

• Vacuum Tubes were the components for the
  electronic circuitry
• Punch Cards main source of input
• Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec)
• 100,000 additions/sec.
• Used for scientific calculations
• New computers were the rule, cost effectiveness
  wasnt

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1960s

• Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller,
  faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)
• Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)
• 200,000 additions/sec.
• Computers In Businesses Emphasis on marketing of
  computers to businesses
• Data files stored on magnetic tape
• Computer Scientists controlled operations

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Late 60s Early 70s

• Integrated circuit boards
• New input methods such as plotters, scanners
• Software became more important
• Sophisticated operating systems
• Improved programming languages
• Storage capabilities expanded (disks)

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1970s Integrated circuits and silicone chips
lead to smaller microprocessors
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Late 80s to Current

• Improved circuitry several thousand transistors
  placed on a tiny silicon chip.
• Pentium chip named by Intel
• Modems communication along telephone wires
• Portable computers laptops
• Increased storage capabilities gigabytes
• Emphasis on information needed by the decision
  maker.

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The Information Processing Cycle
PROCESSING
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INPUT DEVICES (Hardware)

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joystick
• Trackball
• Light pen
• Image scanner

• Touch tone telephone
• Touch screens
• Bar code scanner
• Digitizer
• Voice recognition
• Auxiliary Storage Device

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PROCESSING HARDWARE
PROCESSING

• Central Processing Unit CPU
• The Brains or Intelligence of the computer.
  Controls input and output
• The part of the computer that interprets and
  executes instructions.
• Silicon chip integrated circuit board
• Pentium name give to a particular chip

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What two numbers are used in Binary Code?

• 0 and 1
• They are each called a BIT
• 8 BITS make a BYTE
• 1 BYTE makes a letter or number
• KILOBYTE 1,024 bytes
• MEGABYTE 1,048,576 bytes
• GIGABYTE 1,024 megabytes
• TERABYTE 1,024 gigabytes

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MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWARE
MEMORY

• ROM
• READ ONLY MEMORY
• Small
• Instructions are installed permanently at the
  factory
• Cannot be changed
• These instructions check the computers resources
  and looks for Operating System

• RAM
• RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
• Main Memory
• Temporaryit is erased when turned off.
• It is where programs and data is stored while
  being processed

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OUTPUT DEVICES(HARDWARE)

• Useful information that leaves the system
• Output Hardware includes

• Monitor soft copy
• Printers hard copy
• Flat Panel displays
• Voice and music - speakers
• Synthesizers
• Plotters

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AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES

• Network Drive (H drive)
• Hard Disk Drive (Cdrive)
• Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½ Floppy Disk
  (Adrive)
• Smart card
• CD Read/Write Drive
• Zip Drive
• Digital Audio Tape

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Computer Hardware
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Hardware

• Includes the electronic and mechanical devices
  that process the data refers to the computer as
  well as peripheral devices

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System Unit

• Case that holds the power supply, storage devices
  and the circuit boards (including the
  motherboard).

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CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• Where the processing in a computer takes place,
  often called the brain of the computer.

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Circuits

• The path from one component of a computer to
  another that data uses to travel.
• Circuits run between
• RAM and the microprocessor
• RAM and various storage devices

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Silicon Chip

• Silicon is melted sand.
• What the circuits are embedded into to keep them
  together.

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Peripheral Devices

• Devices connected by cable to the CPU.
• Used to expand the computers input, output and
  storage capabilities.

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Input Devices

• Units that gather information and transform that
  information into a series of electronic signals
  for the computer.

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Keyboard

• An arrangement of letters, numbers, and special
  function keys that act as the primary input
  device to the computer.

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Mouse

• An input device that allows the user to
  manipulate objects on the screen by moving the
  mouse along the surface of the desk.

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Sound Card

• A circuit board that gives the computer the
  ability to accept audio input, play sound files,
  and produce audio output through speakers or
  headphones.

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Modem

• A device that sends and receives data to and from
  computers over telephone lines.
• Means (Modulate Demodulate).

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Output Devices

• Devices that display, print or transmit the
  results of processing from the computers memory.

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Monitor

• Display device that forms an image by converting
  electronic signals from the computer into points
  of colored light on the screen.

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Resolution

• The density of the grid used to display or print
  text and graphics the greater the horizontal and
  vertical density, the higher the resolution.
• The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more
  pixels the better the resolution.

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Pixels

• The smallest unit in a graphic image computer
  display devices use a matrix of pixels to display
  text and graphics.
• Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV
  screen, Computer monitor, or similar display

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Printer

• Output device that produces text or graphical
  images on paper.

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Speakers

• Output devices that receive signals from the
  computers sound card to play music, narration,
  or sound effects.

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Storage Devices

• Used to keep data when the power to the computer
  is turned off.
• Different forms
• Hard disk
• Floppy or zip disks
• CD-Writer

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Formatted

• Arrangement of data for storage or display.
• All storage devices must be formatted.

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Hard Disk

• Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent storage

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Floppy Disk

• Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff
  envelope

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Compact Discs

• CD-ROM
• Compact disk with read only memory
• CD-R
• Compact disk which you can write to only one
  time. It then becomes a read only disk.
• CD-RW
• Compact disk which you may rewrite to.

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DVD

• DVD ROM
• Digital Video Disk which is read only.
• DVD-R
• Digital Video Disk which can be written to one
  time. It then becomes read only.
• DVD-RW
• Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to.

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Flash or Jump Drives

• External storage devices that can be used like a
  external hard drive.
• They have the capability to be saved to, deleted
  from, and files can be renamed just like with a
  normal hard drive.

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Software Components
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Software

• A computer program that tells the computer how to
  perform particular tasks.

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Program

• A series of commands and executable files that
  produce results.

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Operating System

• Software that translates a computers commands and
  allows application programs to interact with the
  computers hardware
• Examples
• Windows XP
• Unix
• OS 10 (MAC)

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Application Software

• Program that performs a specific function.
• Examples
• Microsoft Office
• Adobe Photoshop
• WordPerfect

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Multitasking

• Ability to do more than one thing at a time.
• Computers can run several application software
  programs and the operating system at the same
  time.

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Software Use

• Icon
• Image that represent executable files.
• GUI (Graphical User Interface)
• Graphics that aid in accomplishing tasks. Icons
  on screen.
• Menus
• List or table of executable files

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Types of Computers
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Super Computer

• Mainframe computer which is the largest, fastest
  or most powerful at one given time.
• A computer that was the fastest in the world at
  the time it was constructed.
• Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for
  other computers
• Typical uses
• Breaking codes
• Modeling weather systems

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Mainframe

• Large powerful computer often serving many
  connected terminals.
• Large expensive computer capable of
  simultaneously processing data for hundreds or
  thousands of users.
• Used to store, manage, and process large amounts
  of data that need to be reliable, secure, and
  centralized.
• Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.

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Server

• A computer that processes request for HTML and
  other documents that are components of Web pages.
• Purpose is to serve.
• A computer that has the purpose of supplying its
  users with data usually through the use of a LAN
  (Local Area Network).

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Workstation

• Desktop computer which is usually more powerful
  than a Microcomputer.
• Powerful desktop computer designed for
  specialized tasks.
• A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on
  power from an electrical wall outlet.
• The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or
  horizontal case.
• Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.)
  that are each plugged into the computer.

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Desktop Microcomputer

• Small computer based on a microprocessor.
• A personal computer designed to meet the needs of
  an individual provides a variety of
  applications.
• Provides access to a wide variety of computing
  applications, such as word processing, photo
  editing, e-mail, and internet.

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Laptop or Notebook

• Portable, compact computer that runs on a wall
  outlet or battery unit with all components in one
  unit.
• All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in one
  compact unit.
• Usually more expensive than a comparable desktop.
• Sometimes called a notebook.

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Handheld

• Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).
• A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on
  batteries, and is used while holding in your
  hand.
• Typically used as an appointment book, address
  book, calculator, and notepad.
• Can be synchronized with a personal microcomputer
  as a backup.

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Networks

• File Server
• A computer dedicated to running applications and
  storing data. May be shared with other
  workstations
• IP address
• A unique address assigned to a computer so that
  it may be located across the web.

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Network

• Two or more computers and other devices that are
  connected, for the purpose of sharing data and
  programs.

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Types of Networks

• LAN Intranetwork
• Local Area Network A method by which multiple
  computers are connected. (CJH)
• WAN InternetworkWide
• Wide Area Network by which large geographical
  areas can be connected. (Davis District)

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Computer Performance and Processing
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Boot Process

• Sequence of events that occurs between the time
  you turn on a computer and the time that it
  becomes ready to accept commands.
• Purposes
• Runs a diagnostic test to make sure everything is
  working.
• Loading the operating system, so the computer can
  carry out basic operations.

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6 events of the boot process

• Power up
• Start boot program
• Power-on self-test
• Identify peripheral devices
• Load operation system
• Check configuration and customization

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Megahertz (mHz)

• A measurement used to describe the speed of the
  system clock.
• A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or
  pulses) per second.
• 1.3 GHz means that the microprocessors clock
  operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per
  second.

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Pentium

• Name of the CPU.
• Pentium is the 5th generation of the Intel
  processor.
• Other generations were called
• 80-88
• 286
• 386
• 486

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RAM vs. ROM

• RAM
• Random Access Memory
• The ability of a storage devices to go directly
  to a specific storage location without having to
  search sequentially for a beginning location.
• Very volatile
• Cannot hold data when the power is off.
• Losses all data when power is lost.

• ROM
• Read only memory
• Drives can read data from disks, but cannot store
  new data on them.
• One or more integrated circuits that contain
  permanent instructions that the computer uses
  during the boot process.

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Binary Number System

• A method for representing numbers using only two
  digits 0 and 1.
• Bit each 0 or 1.
• Byte 8 bits
• Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Code.

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Memory Measurements

• Bit
• Each 0 or 1
• Byte
• 8 bits
• Kilobyte
• Approximately 1 thousand bytes
• Megabyte
• Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576
  bytes)
• Gigabyte
• Approximately 1 billion bytes
• Terabyte
• Approximately 1 trillion bytes

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Basic Terms
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Basic Terms

• Computer
• A device that accepts input, processes data,
  stores data, and produces output, all according
  to a series of stored instructions.

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Basic Terms

• Input
• Any information, data, sound, etc. that is
  created and fed into the computer.
• Output
• Useful information that leaves the system.
• Data
• Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols
  that represent facts, objects or ideas.

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Basic Terms

• Processing
• Manipulation of the data in many ways
• Memory
• Area of the computer that temporarily holds data
  waiting to be processed, stored, or output.
• Storage
• Area of the computer that holds data on a
  permanent basis when it is not immediately needed
  for processing.

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Basic Terms

• File management
• A method of organizing files and folders to make
  data more easily accessible.
• Folders
• Location of physical media where data is stored
• File
• Individual document created and saved by the
  user.