Stress and Adjustment Disorders

1
Stress and Adjustment Disorders

• Acute Stress Disorders
• Adjustment Disorder
• PTSD
• Major Anxiety Disorder
• Phobic Disorders
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive
• Eating Disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa
• Bulemia

2
Eating Disorders

• Two most common forms of eating disorders are
• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa
• At the heart of both disorders is
• An intense and pathological fear of becoming
  overweight and fat
• A pursuit of thinness that is relentless and
  sometimes deadly

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Eating DisordersAnorexia Nervosa

• Defined
• A fear of gaining weight
• A refusal to maintain a normal weight
• Two types of anorexia nervosa
• Restricting type
• Binge-eating/purging type
• Mortality rate for females with anorexia nervosa
  is more than twelve times higher than the
  mortality rate for females aged 1524 in the
  general population.
• Anorexia can lead to
• Death from heart arrhythmias
• Kidney damage
• Renal failure

4
Eating DisordersBulimia Nervosa

• Defined
• Frequent episodes of binge eating
• Lack of control over eating
• Recurrent inappropriate behavior to prevent
  weight gain
• Typically normal weight.
• Bulimia can lead to
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Hypokalemia (low potassium)
• Damage to hands, throat, and teeth from induced
  vomiting
• Binge-eating Disorder
• Similar to bulimia without any form of
  compensatory behavior.

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Eating Disorders

• Anorexia nervosa is most likely to develop in 15-
  to 19-year-olds
• Bulimia nervosa is most likely to develop in
  women aged 20-24
• There are 10 females for every male with an
  eating disorder
• Associated with the following disorders
• Clinical depression
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Substance abuse disorders
• Various personality disorders
• Prevalence
• The lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa is
  around 0.5
• The lifetime prevalence of bulimia is around 13

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Eating Disorders

• Causal Factors
• Sociocultural influences such as fashion
  magazines idealize extreme thinness
• Women often internalize the thin ideal
• Families of anorexics are described as showing
  the following characteristics
• Limited tolerance of disharmonious affect or
  psychological tension
• An emphasis on propriety and rule-mindedness
• Parental overdirection of the child or subtle
  discouragement of autonomous strivings
• Poor skills in conflict resolution
• Preoccupations regarding the desirability of
  thinness, dieting, and good physical appearance
• Nearly all instances of eating disorders begin
  with normal dieting
• Other risks factors include
• Negative affect
• Perfectionism
• Childhood sexual abuse may play a role

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Eating Disorders

• Treatment
• Emergency procedures to restore weight
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy
• Antidepressants or other medications
• Family therapy
• Bulimia Specific
• Antidepressants or other medications
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy