THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: INTERPRETING THE LIFESPAN

1
CHAPTER 2
THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT INTERPRETING THE LIFESPAN
2
The Psychoanalytic Approach

• Structures of the Mind Freud
• Id strives only to secure pleasure
• Ego rational part that keeps us in touch with
  reality
• Superego inner authority or conscience

3
The Psychoanalytic Approach

• The Developing Personality
• Oral stage (0 to 1½ years old)
• Anal stage (1½ to 3 years old)
• Phallic stage (3 to 5 years old)
• Latency stage (5 to 12 years old)
• Genital stage (12 years old and older)

4
Psychosocial Crises and Development

• Eriksons 8 Psychosocial Stages
• 1. Basic trust vs. mistrust
• 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• 3. Initiative vs. guilt
• 4. Industry vs. inferiority

5
Psychosocial Crises and Development

• Eriksons 8 Psychosocial Stages
• 5. Identity vs. identity confusion
• 6. Intimacy vs. isolation
• 7. Generativity vs. stagnation
• 8. Integrity vs. despair

6
The Cognitive Developmental Approach

• Jean Piagets Theory
• Cognitive structures
• Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
• Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
• Concrete operational (7 to 11 years)
• Formal operational (11 years)

7
The Cognitive Developmental Approach

• Functional Invariants
• Assimilation
• Accommodation
• Equilibration
• Schemes

8
The Cultural Framework Approach

• Lev Vygotskys Theory
• Elementary processes basically biological
• Psychological processes essentially sociocultural

9
The Cultural Framework Approach

• Lev Vygotskys Theory
• Zone of proximal development
• Scaffolding helping children move from initial
  difficulties with a topic to a point where, with
  help, they perform the task independently

10
The Behavioral Approach

• Skinner and Operant Conditioning
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Extinction

11
The Behavioral Approach

• Bandura and Social Cognitive Learning
• Children acquire new responses
• Strengthen or weaken existing responses

12
The Behavioral Approach

• Bandura and Social Cognitive Learning
• May cause reappearance of responses that were
  forgotten
• Witnessed undesirable behavior that is either
  rewarded or goes unpunished undesirable behavior
  may result. The reverse is also true.

13
Developmental Theory Current Status, Future
Direction

• Interactions among Levels of Development
• Genetic
• Neural
• Behavioral
• Environmental

14
Developmental Theory Current Status, Future
Direction

• Developmental Contextualism Lerner
• Physical setting home, workplace
• Social influences family, peers
• Personal characteristics appearance,
  temperament, language fluency
• Influence of time length of life

15
Review of Theories

• Psychoanalytic Freud
• Psychosocial Erikson
• Cognitive Piaget
• Cultural Vygotsky
• Behavioral Skinner, Bandura
• Contextual Lerner