Manner

1
Manner Place of Articulation

• LING 3330 Phonetics and Phonology Spring 2009

2
Review/Preview

• What is the source / filter idea of speech
  sounds?
• What are the 4 main components of Speech
  production?
• Fundamental Freq or F0 is based on ___________?
• the vibration speed of the wave source
• F0 is interpreted as ___________?
• Pitch (highness/lowness of voice)
• Formants above F0 are based on _______________?
• the resonance characteristics of the filter
• Link to a nice diagram of the larynx
• http//www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling00
  1/flarynx.html

3
Review/Preview

• A body of air contained in a cavity has a
  preferred frequency called the resonance
  frequency
• The Fundamental frequency is based on the length
  of the tube
• When the sound that originated in the glottis
  travels through the various cavities in the oral
  tract it does so in a tube, whose shape an size
  are variable b/c the tube is flexible.
• Each of the cavities has its own preferred
  freuency, thus when a sound travels through them,
  the freq components that are closest to the
  preferred frequency component are amplified while
  those that are in contrast are dampened.
• The resonances that are associated with the
  cavities in the oral tract are called formants.
• The shape of the oral cavity is changed mostly by
  the tongue and the lips (more on this when we get
  to vowels).

4
Review/Preview

• Lets watch a quick videoas you watch pay
  attention to the components of the vocal tract.
• http//www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/youngexp/fantas
  ticvoyage.html

5
Articulators (place of articulation)

• What do things like the tongue, velum, and lips
  have in common?
• They impede or direct the airstream.
• They move or are Active.
• What do things like the hard palate, teeth,
  alveolar ridge, and nasal cavity have in common?
• They are more fixed and are the (near) contact
  points for the active articulators.
• Commonly called Passive articulators

6
Articulators (place of articulation)

• Active Articulators
• A part of the vocal tract which moves towards
  another (the passive articulator) to form a
  constriction during the articulation of a sound.
  Articulators which may be active are upper lip,
  lower lip, tongue tip, tongue blade, tongue
  front, tongue back, tongue root, vocal folds. For
  bilabial and glottal articulations, both
  articulators are active
• http//www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/sid/sida.htm

7
Articulators (place of articulation)

• Passive Articulators
• the non active part of the vocal tract
  capable in being used to form a constriction for
  the purpose of producing a speech sound.

8
Articulators (place of articulation)

• Name Active Articulator Passive
  Articulator
• Bilabial Lips 
• Labiodental Lower lip Upper front
  teeth
• Dental Tongue tip Upper front
  teeth
• Alveolar Tongue tip/blade Alveolar
  ridge
• Postalveolar Tongue tip/blade Rear
  of alveolar ridge
• Alveolo-palatal Tongue tip and blade Alveolar
  ridge hard palate
• Retroflex Tongue tip Hard palate
• Palatal Tongue front Hard palate
• Velar Tongue back Soft palate
• Uvular Tongue back Uvula
• Pharyngeal Tongue root Rear wall
  of pharynx
• Glottal Vocal folds 

http//www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/sid/poa.htm
9
Places of articulation
http//www.sil.org/Mexico/ling/Glosario/E005ci-Pla
cesArt.htm
10
Manner and Place of articulation

• Lets take a look at the consonantal section of
  the IPA chart
• Which is manner? which is place

11
Face Diagrams

• Face Diagrams can capture 6 characteristics of
  sound identification
• State of the Vocal Folds
• Airstream mechanism
• Direction of airstream
• Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)
• Which Articulator
• Manner of Articulation

12
1. a. State of VF

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

this wavy line depicts the movement in the larynx
(remember vibration sound ? a voiced segment
13
1. b. State of VF

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• to show that a segment is voiceless we use
  two short straight lines with a small gap
  between them

14
Face Diagrams

• Face Diagrams can capture 6 characteristics of
  sound identification
• State of the Vocal Folds
• Airstream mechanism
• Direction of airstream
• Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)
• Which Articulator
• Manner of Articulation

15
2. Airstream Mechanism

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• to show from where the air is flowing we use
  a small arrow.

The airstream is represented by an arrow near the
initiator. Pulmonic has an arrow just below the
glottis (from the lungs)
16
Face Diagrams

• Face Diagrams can capture 6 characteristics of
  sound identification
• State of the Vocal Folds
• Airstream mechanism
• Direction of airstream
• Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)
• Which Articulator
• Manner of Articulation

17
3. Direction of the Airstream

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• The arrow indicated the direction of the
  airflow

In this case its egressive or flowing out of the
vocal tract Opposite - ingressive
18
Face Diagrams

• Face Diagrams can capture 6 characteristics of
  sound identification
• State of the Vocal Folds
• Airstream mechanism
• Direction of airstream
• Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)
• Which Articulator
• Manner of Articulation

19
4. a. Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)

• Shows which cavity is being used in the
  production of the sound.

ORAL? if the Velum is down in with the back
touching the pharyngeal wall
20
4. b. Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• If VF is vibrating a squiggly line goes here

• Shows which cavity is being used in the
  production of the sound.

NASAL? if the Velum is not in contact with the
back touching the pharyngeal wall
21
Face Diagrams

• Face Diagrams can capture 6 characteristics of
  sound identification
• State of the Vocal Folds
• Airstream mechanism
• Direction of airstream
• Place of resonance (oral or nasal/nasalized)
• Which Articulator
• which articulators are being used
• Manner of Articulation
• what is the type of obstruction / constriction?
• (For these two well look at the online
  resource)http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics
  /english/frameset.html

22
Now lets look at some speech segments

• well begin with some basic consonants
• remember we want to describe them in terms of
  articulatory phonetics meaning well include 4
  things
• A PLACE in the oral cavity that the consonant is
  articulated (lips, alveolar ridge, velum, etc.)
• THE MANNER in wh/ it is articulated (how much
  impedance is involved in the airstream)
• WHAT PART of the vocal apparatus IS DOING the
  articulation (tongue tip, blade, bottom lip,
  etc.)
• THE GLOTTAL STATE is the glottis open or are
  the vocal folds vibrating

23
More about Stops

• Plosives, a narrower category than stops are
• stops that use the pulmonic air flow from the
  lungs
• (Other stops include implosives/ejectives
  clicks which will be covered later)

24
More about Stops

• Plosives,
• The name of a manner of articulation. Plosives
  are made with a complete closure in the vocal
  tract. If this closure is in the oral cavity the
  soft palate also must be raised to cut off the
  nasal cavity. Air pressure is allowed to build up
  behind the closure and then the articulators
  part, releasing the compressed air. Plosives are
  usually regarded as consisting of three phases
  (1) approach, when the active articulator
  approaches the passive articulator (2) hold or
  compression, when the air pressure rises (3)
  release or plosion, when the articulators part.
  p b t d k g q ? are examples of plosives.
  Plosives are distinguished from affricates by
  having a rapid release.

http//www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/sid/sidp.htm
25
More about Stops

• Common plosives in English are
• bilabial p b
• alveolar t d
• velar g k
• glottal ?
• (why do you think there is not a pair to go with
  ??

26
Other varieties

• include
• voiceless aspirated
• voiceless unaspirated
• voiced
• as well as
• breathy or aspirated voiced
• Generally since voiceless or vce is the
  default it is not necessary to say they are
  unaspirated in the technical name

27
More about Stops

• Additionally if a language in the world
  includes only one series of stops, it will
  generally if not always be the voiceless
  unaspirated ones.
• if a language includes 2 series of stops, the
  voiced series is generally added next.
• the last series that would be added would be the
  aspirated series (the ones with delayed onset of
  voicing).

28
More about Stops

• in many cases in American English the word final
  stop is also unreleased
• For example hæt? cæt? vs. hæt cæt
• consider these (which is aspirated, unreleased?)
• /t/ /p/
• stop / top
• pit / spit

29
diagram of a stop

• shutting closure release
• time ?

30
Aspiration Burst ex. ph

• amplitude
• burst
• aspiration
• Time ?

31
Aspiration and Voice Onset Time (VOT)

• we also see this with p, b in English
  contrasted with the b in Spanish

32
Fricatives

• What is the difference between a stop and a
  fricative?
• Fricatives do not ________________________________
  ____?
• Fricatives do not completely impede the airflow
• However, they do greatly restrict it,
• giving a disturbance in the airstream,
  turbulence, or noise.

33
Fricatives like s ?

• glottis channel (produces a jet or air)
• obstacle (procedures turbulence in the
  airstream)

34
Fricatives like s ?
35
More Fricatives

• lets look at some other fricatives
• http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/english/f
  rameset.html

36
Remember the IPA chart

• Lets take a look at the consonantal section of
  the IPA chart
• Which is manner? which is place

37
Your turn to label
1 2 3 4 5 6
38
Your turn to label
1 2 3 4 5 6
4
6
5
3
2
1
39
for your own review

• list the main articulators
• list the main manners of articulation

40
Baldo
41
Vowels vs. Consonants whats the difference?

• review / preview
• consonants are identified by
• location of obstruction (place)
• nature of obstruction (manner)
• state of vocal cords (voice)
• vowels are identified by
• vertical position of articulation (high, mid,
  low)
• horizontal position of articulation (front,
  central, back)
• also the state of the lips and velum
  (rounding) (nasalized)

42
Brief introduction to Phones Allophones

• /t/ /p/
• stop / top pit / spit
• consider aspiration?
• end releasing?
• How many phonemes are there phonetically?
• How many phonemes are there phonologically?