TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

1
TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF
MACEDONIA

• Vladimir Stavric, Cvetanka Popovska
• UNESCO-ISARM-MED
• Consultative Meeting
• KEY ISSUES FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTOF
  TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND
  IN THE SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE
• Workshop in Thessaloniki
• October, 2004

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TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF
MACEDONIA

• Contents of the presentation
• The physical framework
• Estimated Available Groundwater Resources
• The institutional and legal framework
• Transboundary aquifers

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Geographical Location of the Republic of
Macedonia
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PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK

• Precipitation 609 mm/year
• Runoff coeff. 0.29
• Catchments
• Aegean (Vardar r. and tributaries) 22,319 km2
• Adriatic (C. Drim Ohrid, Prespa) 3,350 km2
• Aegean (Strumica) 1,535 km2
• Black Sea 44 km2

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Republic of Macedonia -Releif structure
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Republic of Macedonia DTM
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Climate

• Key Climatic Indicators at Major Meteorological
  Stations
• River Basin Station Rainfall
  Temp. Wind Sunshine Cloudiness Humidity
• (mm/year) (C) (m/sec) (hours/day) (0-10)
• Vardar Gevgelija 667 14.0 1.8 6.5 4.4 70.8
• Treska Sol.Glava 640 -0.9 5.6 5.6 5.6 83.3
• Pchinja K.Palanka 617 10.0 2.3 6.3 5.3 68.2
• Bregalnica Shtip 467 12.6 2.1 6.4 5.0 66.9
• Crna Prilep 535 11.1 1.6 6.3 5.0 67.5
• Crn Drim Ohrid 694 11.1 1.8 6.2 5.0 70.4
• Strumica Strumica 547 12.7 1.1 6.2 4.2 74.3
• Note Rainfall is based on annual total, and
  other parameters on annual average, except
  sunshine, which is presented by hours/day.
• source The study on Integrated water resources
  development and management master plan (final
  report - volume II, May 1999)

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River basins

• The rivers in Macedonia belong to the folowing
  basins
• the Aegean Basin 22,319 km2 87
• the Adriatic Basin 3,350 km2 13
• the Black Sea Basin 44 km2
• the Strumica River basin, 1,535 km2 7
• the Dojran Lake basin 120 km2 and
• the Lebnicka River basin 129 km2.
• Around 84 of the discharge in Macedonia are
  domicile and 16 are quantities flowing into the
  country from neighboring countries.

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MAJOR RIVERS
Kriva reka
Lepenec
Vardar
Pcinja
Bregalnica
Radika
Vardar
Treska
Strumica
Crna
Crni Drim
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CATCHMENTS RIVER NETWORK
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CATCHMENTS TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS
12
TRANSBOUNDARY CATCHMENTS
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GEOLOGY
The geology of land of Macedonia is composed of
bedrocks of varied ages spanning from
Pre-Cambrian to Quaternary and strongly
controlled by the Alpine movement of Tertiary age.
It can be divided into tectonic belts of
Serbo-Macedonian Massif on the east and Dinarids
in the west that are elongated in the
north-northwesterly direction parallel with the
Adriatic coast. The Dinarids is farther divided
into three, i.e., the Vardar Zone, Pelagonian
Horst Anticlinorium and West Macedonian Zone from
east to west in order. The old and hard bedrocks
of Pre-Cambrian to Mesozoic are generally strong
enough to be foundation of high dams, and also
manageable for treatment to due water-tightness
except for karstified limestone.
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AQUIFER TYPES
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GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY
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STATIC GROUNDWATER RESERVES
Kriva Palanka valley
114 x 106 m3
Kumanovo valley
675 x 106 m3
Skopje valley
925 x 106 m3
Berovo-Pehcevo valley
Polog
Ovce Pole
193 x 106 m3
256 x 106 m3
360 x 106 m3
Strumica valley
850 x 106 m3
Kicevo valley
158 x 106 m3
Gevgelija-Valandovo valley
Pelagonija
Ohrid-Struga valley
342 x 106 m3
6.105 x 106 m3
161 x 106 m3
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ESTIMATED RESERVESconsolidated phreatic aquifers
Kriva Palanka valley
75 l/sec
Kumanovo valley
80-100 l/sec
Skopje valley
1750-2000 l/sec
Berovo-Pehcevo valley
Ovce Pole
350 l/sec
120 l/sec
Strumica valley
850 x 106 m3
Gevgelija-Valandovo valley
Pelagonija
520 l/sec
180 l/sec
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ESTIMATED RESERVESconsolidated artesian aquifers
Upper Polog
Skopje valley
317x 106 m3
311 x 106 m3
Kicevo valley
158 x 106 m3
75 x 106 m3
Pelagonija
Ohrid-Struga valley
72 x 106 m3
96 x 106 m3
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ESTIMATED RESERVESkarstic aquifers
Zeden 53 x 106 m3
Treska valley 665 x 106 m3
Suva Gora 94 x 106 m3
Studencica 53 x 106 m3
Valandovo-Dojran 202 x 106 m3
Kozuv Lukar 25 x 106 m3
Kozuv Huma 5 x 106 m3
Galicica 161 x 106 m3
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THERMO-MINERAL WATERS
Total thermal, thermo-mineral and mineral water
resources amount to 29.10 x 106 m3/year
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Groundwater wells and springs

• The groundwater in Macedonia is used mostly as
  source of municipal water
• The total number of wells is around 600.
• Water with good quality
• There are 4,265 springs in total
• Of them, 3,000 springs (70) have discharge less
  than 1 liter/s.
• There are 326 springs with a discharge of more
  than 10 liters/s
• 59 Springs with a discharge greater than 100
  liters/s .

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Groundwater wells and springs

• Unit 106 m3/year)
• Description Groundwater (wells) Spring
  water Total
• 1. Exploited 63 195 258
• 2. Potential 136 435 571
• Total (1 2) 199 630 829

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Transboundary Water Resources

• Macedonia is an upstream country
• Transboundary river catchments in Macedonia are
• Crn Drim catchment including Ohrid and Prespa
  Lakes (MK-AL- GR), the Prespa - Ohrid lake system
  and Lake Dojran are examples of a groundwater -
  surface water interaction with influence on the
  catchment environment
• Vardar/Axios catchment (MK-GR) where small part
  inflows from Yugoslavia (Lepenec and Pcinja
  rivers) (MK-YU), S
• Strumica/Struma catchment (MK-BG) and
• Lake Dojran catchment (MK-GR).
• In the last decade, dramatic decrease of the
  water surface level on lakes Prespa and Dojran
  have occurred with extreme pressure to its
  environment
• There is a requirement for a general planning and
  management of shared water resources in the
  region.
• New investigations and joint management is of
  utmost importance.

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THE INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

• International Legal Framework
• Republic of Macedonia has undertaken all
  obligations and international Conventions as a
  successor of former SFR Yugoslavia,
• Bilateral agreements exist with Albania and
  Greece regarding water resources issues.
  However, due to various reasons, the cooperation
  does not function recently and has to be
  re-established.
• Reform of the legal system is undertaken in the
  country in order to harmonize the legislation
  with the EU regulations.
• EU Water Framework Directive is a guiding
  principle for streamlining of the water related
  legislation.

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THE INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

• Water resources
• completely in the responsibility of the
  Administration of Water Economy within the
  Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water
  Economy of RM, (regarding transboundary waters
  with Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
• Law on Waters (1998) and the Water Master Plan of
  RM
• New Water Law in procedure.
• Environmental Protection
• The Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning
  is responsible for the issues of environmental
  protection and physical planning.

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THE INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

• Other Govt. Institutions Responsible for the
  Water Resources
• Ministry of Health -drinking and bathing water
  quality monitoring and standardization,
• Ministry of Economy - mineral and groundwater
  resources and hydro-power production,
• Ministry of Transport and Communications -
  municipal and industrial water supply,
• Ministry of Finance - planning and National
  budget, and
• Ministry of Local Self-Government - local
  development.

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TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS
Central Serbia 14
SW Serbia 13
SW Serbia 12
Sandanski-Petrich 34
33 Dojran
32 Gevgelija
29 Galicica
30 Pelagonija (31) Florina Catchment
Prespes 28
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SHARED AQUIFERS - GREECE

• Sedimentary aquifers
• Sedimentary aquifers in the Pelagonija region
• Sedimentary unconfined and confined aquifers in
  the alluvium of the lower River Vardar and in the
  Quaternary sediments of Gevgelija valley
• Sedimentary aquifers in the Quaternary and
  Neogene sediments in the region of Lake Dojran,
  confined and unconfined
• Karstic aquifers
• Dojran karstic aquifers in marble
• Nidze and Kozuv mountains fractured rock
  aquifers

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Dojran
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(No Transcript)
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SHARED AQUIFERS

• Serbia Montenegro Fractured rock aquifers
  (12)
• fractured rocks of German, Kozjak, Skopska Crna
  Gora, in Paleozoic gneisses, mikaschists,
  schists.
• Bulgaria
• Sedimentary aquifers
• Strumica river valley
• Karstic aquifers
• Delcevo,
• Fractured rock aquifers
• Ograzden, Malesevo, Golak and Osogovo mountains

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SHARED AQUIFERS - ALBANIA

• 1           Karstic aquifer Galicica mountain 
• Triassic karstified limestones, lying on
  aquitard of Paleozoic metamorphites. The massif
  is placed between Ohrid and Prespa lakes. The
  surface water altitude of Prespa is 158 m than
  the one in Ohrid. The karstic aquifer contains
  significant water reserves and represents direct
  hydraulic connection between the two lakes. The
  water from Prespa constantly flows through and
  recharges Ohrid lake
• The aquifer itself is recharged from Prespa lake
  and from direct infiltration of precipitation.
  The drainage is through numerous surface and
  underwater springs. Due to large reserves the
  inflow into Ohrid lake is uniform, with seasonal
  and annual variations.

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TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF
MACEDONIA

• UNESCO-ISARM-MED
• Consultative Meeting
• KEY ISSUES FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTOF
  TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND
  IN THE SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE
• Workshop in Thessaloniki
• October, 2004