Dawn in the phycological century for

1
Dawn in the phycological century for
oceanography
Technology is opening the possibility of an open
permanent window into the ocean for phycologists.
This is critically important as the oceans are
changing and these changes will alter the primary
production and this will change the
biogeochemistry of Earth.
Oscar Schofield, Scott Glenn, Zoe Finkel, William
Frazer, Matt Oliver, Martin Montes Debora
Iglesias-Rodriguez
2
Oceans are complex and central to the Earth system
Thanks to the Neptune team
3
Humans are changing the oceans and this will
impact feedback on humanity in unknown ways.
ALTERED NUTRIENT CYCLES AND EUTROPHICATION
ATMOSPHERE/CLIMATE
ALTERED CHEMISTRY DEEP IN OCEAN Human fossil
fuel Has penetrated over 1000 m in the ocean
IPC TAR
OVERFISHING
Fossil Fuel CO2
pCFC-12
Myers and Worm
Sabine 2002
Kirkpatrick and Crowley
4
The oceans are chronically under-sampled
5
SAMPLING PROBLEMS IN SPACE Oceans are spatially
complex and hard to sample
NATURAL VARIABILITY Where do you put a
mooring? Where do you drive the ship? When
should I be out there?
Plant variability at multiple scales around
Tasmania from CZCS image (varies on timescale of
a day)
Thanks to Mossian and Wilkins
Thanks to Dickey
6
We have created decadal maps of the surface Earth
ecosystem from space. Satellites see only 10
of the upper ocean.
7
We ARE also in the era of subsurface remotes
sensing using ocean robots
8
Many sensors being minituarized, here a full
spectrometer provides hyperspectral absorption
MORE WAVELENGTHS MORE CONFIDENCE SPLITTING OUT
PHYTOPLANKTON TAXA
Particle Absorbance
REMUS/BreveBuster HAB Community
Structure 01/21/05 1736hrs 1.4m
4th Derivative
From Gary Kirkpatrick
9
(No Transcript)
10
Molecular and immuno sensors have evolved to now
be in situ sensors
DA 5.6 nM
rRNA Probe Array
Domoic Acid Receptor Binding Assay
Chris Scholin and his team at MBARI
11
Ocean technology now spans the relevant time
space scales
Moorings, tripod cable nodes
Satellites
AUVs
Gliders
Models
12
Book from 1954
13

ESSE Flow Diagram
DE0/N

DP0/N
-
-

Most Probable Forecast

Synoptic Obs
A Posteriori Residules dr ()
Historical, Synoptic, Future in Situ/Remote
Field/Error Observations d0R0

-
-
Data Residuals
Measurement Error Covariance

d-CY(-)
Ensemble Mean



eqYj(-)
Gridded Residules

Y(-)

-


j1
Y()
Y()
Y1 Yj Yq

-
Y1 Yj Yq

0

-
E(-) P(-)

-
0



-
/-

E0 P0
0
jq
uj(o,Ip) with physical constraints
Continuous Time Model Errors Q(t)
Key
Ea() Pa()

E() P()
Field Operation Assumption
14
(No Transcript)
15
Margalef Mandala
HabWatch Workshop, Villefranche sur Mer, 11-21
June 2003
16
Characteristic size structure of phytoplankton
communities
Chisholm, 1992
Chisholm et al.
17
Larger cells require higher nutrient
concentrations to grow
Resource limitation
Resource saturation
?
n 6695
18
Biomass
Particle Size Distribution
Green gt 5 mg m-2 chlorophyll
Blue big cells dominate
Red small cells dominate
5 mg m-2gt Orange gt 2 mg m-2 chlorophyll 2 mg m-2
chlorophyll gt blue
19
Many biotic provinces which can be identified
based on physical (SST) and ocean color
(phytoplankton)
20
(No Transcript)
21
Upper Ocean Response to Hurricane Bonnie 1998
SST
SeaWiFS Color
Babin, Carton, Dickey, and Wiggert, 2004
22
EXTREME EVENTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE What is the role
of vertical mixing in the ocean interior for
determining the global distribution of heat and
nutrients in the ocean?
Heat
(Emanuel Edson )
Wind Speed
23
Total CO2 flux
Need to observe not only the fluxes and inventory
changes, but the physical and biological
processes that determine and modulate them
Anthropogenic CO2 inventory
24
Big Basins, Big Changes, Big Problems to come
25
High priority as ocean carbon sequestration is
episodic and shows seasonal and inter-annual
variability
Inter-annual variability at the in open ocean
Seasonal variability in the coastal ocean
Thanks to Boehme and DeGrandpre
Public release on 12/3/2007 Climos Inc.,
Ecosecurities, and Det Norske Veritas outline
procedures for large scale fertilization of the
oceans.
Thanks to Karl, Bidigare, and Lukas
26
Phytoplankton Size Structure and Ecosystem
Function
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
Downwelling condition
OCM TSM 4/5/04
The Geyer-Fong plume dynamic appears to
hold HOWEVER...
OCM CHL a 4/5/04
30
New Plume
Old Plume
5
14
12
4
10
3
8
Productivity (mgC/m3/hr)
6
2
4
1
2
0
0
4/17/2005
4/18/2005
4/19/2005
4/10/2005
4/11/2005
4/12/2005
4/13/2005
Date
Date
31
Grazing rates in Hudson river plume
You cant eat things bigger then your head
32
Consistent with the phytoplankton bloom link is
that there is enhanced detritus under the
nearshore upwelling enhanced blooms capable of
fueling hypoxia
Depth (m)
A) 2001
B)
C)
detritus (440 nm)
5
10
15
20
5
10
15
20
Distance Offshore (kilomter)
33
(No Transcript)