Spatial Pattern Analysis

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Spatial Pattern Analysis
Exploring the relationship between ecological
pattern, ecological function and ecological
processes.
Spatial Structure -gt Ecological Function -gt
Change . pressure, state, response
Spatial Structure
Composition
Configuration
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www.mosaicr.com
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Assess Pattern
Input classified input
Output spreadsheet of selected metrics
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Spatial Structure

• Composition The presence and amount of each
  element type without spatially explicit measures.
• Proportion, richness, evenness, diversity
• Configuration The physical distribution in
  space and spatial character of elements.
• Isolation, placement, adjacency

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Rugosity
Jeff Jenness and Pat Iampietro
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Histogram Classification
1 band, Red wavelength
Multi
3 band true color Red, Green, Blue
5 class, isodata R,G,B,IR
original continuous data Various histogram
classification results
5 class Natural breaks Jenks classifier
5 class Equal Interval equal-sized sub-ranges
11 class (1/2 equal Interval) Defined Interval An
interval which equally Divides a range
5 class Quantile Each class has equal Number of
features
5 class Quantile 1 standard deviation
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Clustering Multivariate Spatial Data
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Clusters
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ISODATA clusters
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1 landscape
3 patches Same class
1 patches differ class
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Types of Metrics

• Area, Density, Diversity
• Shape
• Core area
• Isolation/proximity, Nearest-Neighbor
• Contrast metrics
• Contagion / Interspersion
• Connectivity
• Diversity

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Area, Density, Diversity Metrics
Shannon Diversity Index
Patch Density
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Shape Metricsperimeter-area relationships
Fractal a pattern composed of identical parts
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• Shape Index (SHAPE) -- complexity of patch
  compared to standard shape
• vector uses circular raster uses square
• Mean Shape Index (MSI) perimeter-to-area ratio
• Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index (AWMSI)
• Landscape Shape Index (LSI)

Fractal Dimension (D), or (FRACT) - log P
1/2Dlog A P perimeter, A area
fractal dimension indicates the extent to which
the fractal object fills the Euclidean dimension
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Contagion, Interspersion and Juxtaposition

• When first proposed (ONeill 1988) proved
  incorrect, Li Reynolds (1993) alternative
• Based upon the product of two (2) probabilities
• Randomly chosen cell belongs to patch i
• Conditional probability of given type i
  neighboring cells belongs to j
• Interspersion (the intermixing of units of
  different patch types) and Juxtaposition (the mix
  of different types being adjacent) index (IJI)

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Landscape Metrics
Number of Patches
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Largest Patch
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Area-weighted mean shape
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Shannons Diversity
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Interspersion
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Class Metrics
Percent of Landscape Patch Density Patch
Size CV Area-weighted Mean Shape
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Landscape Ecology

• Structure the spatial relationships among the
  distinctive ecosystems or elements
• Function the interactions among the spatial
  elements
• Change the alteration in the structure and
  function of the ecological mosaic over time

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Landscape Structure Physiognomy / Pattern

• Composition The presence and amount of each
  element type without spatially explicit measures.
• Proportion, richness, evenness, diversity
• Configuration The physical distribution in
  space and spatial character of elements.
• Isolation, placement, adjacency
• some metrics do both

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Types of Metics

• Area Metrics
• Patch Density, Size and Variability
• Edge Metrics
• Shape Metrics
• Core Area Metrics
• Nearest-Neighbor Metrics
• Diversity Metrics
• Contagion and Interspersion Metrics

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Shape Metricsperimeter-area relationships

• Shape Index (SHAPE) -- complexity of patch
  compared to standard shape
• vector uses circular raster uses square
• Mean Shape Index (MSI) perimeter-to-area ratio
• Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index (AWMSI)
• Landscape Shape Index (LSI)
• Fractal Dimension (D), or (FRACT)
• log P 1/2Dlog A P perimeter, A area
• P sq.rt. A raised to D, and D 1 (a line)
• as polygons move to complexity P A, and D -gt 2
• A few fractal metrics
• Double log fractal dimension (DLFD)
• Mean patch fractal (MPFD)
• Area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension
  (AWMPFD)

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Contagion, Interspersion and Juxtaposition

• When first proposed (ONeill 1988) proved
  incorrect, Li Reynolds (1993) alternative
• Based upon the product of two (2) probabilities
• Randomly chosen cell belongs to patch i
• Conditional probability of given type i
  neighboring cells belongs to j
• Interspersion (the intermixing of units of
  different patch types) and Juxtaposition (the mix
  of different types being adjacent) index (IJI)