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In the Name of ALLAH, the Compassionate, the Merciful.

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Plinth band should be provided at the floor level. This helps in. holding the plinth together and prevents any cracks due to any ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: In the Name of ALLAH, the Compassionate, the Merciful.


1
  • In the Name of ALLAH, the Compassionate, the
    Merciful.

2
COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS CAUSES AND REMEDIES
  • By
  • Abdus-Sabur Raji
  • LECTURER
  • CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF
    ILORIN, NIGERIA.
  • SUNDAY, 3RD SEPTEMBER, 2006 (10TH SHABAN 1427
    A.H)

3
INTRODUCTION
  • Building (Housing) is one of the basic
    necessities of life. It is a permanent fixed
    structure used for living.
  • Various verses of the Quran that mention the
    importance of buildings for different animals and
    man.

4
Houses for Spider
Suratul Nahl 16 v. 68-69
5
House of Bees(Bee Hives) built in woods, on trees
etc
Suratul Nahl 16 v. 68-69
6
House of Ants
AntHill for Fire Ants
AntHill for Burundi Ants
Suratul Naml 27 v. 17-18
7
COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
  • There are three major components in a building.
  • 1. Foundation
  • 2. Walls
  • 3. Roof

8
CAUSES OF COLLAPSE
  • FIRE
  • EARTHQUAKE
  • FLOOD
  • HURRICANES
  • TSUNAMIS
  • HUMAN CAUSES

9
WTC during the Collapse on September, 11 2001
Suratul Fajr 89 v. 6-8
266 passengers, pilots and crew died as a result
of these four hijackings on the morning of
September 11th. As of Sunday, September 15, 2001,
New York City estimated that 5,097 people in the
complex were missing. (http/1010win.com/storyfold
er)
10
A mosque still stands amidst the rubble of
collapsed buildings in this aerial view of a
neighborhood in the western Turkish town of
Golcuk, 60 miles east of Istanbul.
EARTHQUAKE IN Golcuk, TURKEY, August, 19, 1999.
11
In Nigeria!
  • On October 2004, a three-storey building at 59,
    Agulu Street Umuahia collapsed. On May 2005, a
    bungalow collapsedĀ  killing three and injuring
    many at Iludun in Ogun State. On June 5, 2005, a
    four storey building under construction collapsed
    inĀ  Aba . This year alone many lives were lost in
    the collapse of buildings in Port Harcourt and
    Lagos.
  • In Ilorin, some buildings collapsed during the
    last rainy season killing two and injuring many
    in the suburb.
  • Although Lagos is known for its high rise
    structural edifices it also accounts for 99 per
    cent of collapsed building in Nigeria. From the
    year 2000-2006 over fifteen buildings and
    structures have collapsed in the metropolis of
    Lagos State with attendant death tolls and loss
    of properties.

12
4-Storey building collapsed at Ebute Meta in
Lagos State killing 45 people(July, 2006)
13
WHO ARE INVOLVED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A
BUILDING?
  • CLIENT
  • CONSULTANTS
  • ARCHITECT
  • QUANTITY SURVEYOR
  • ENGINEER(CIVIL/STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL
    ELECTRICAL)
  • TOWN PLANNING AUTHORITY

14
Combination of Causes Scouringdue to excessive
flooding, surge storm or tsunami strikes
15
Combination of Causes Liquefaction mostly in
earthquake affected areas. Saturated soils
becomes liquids
16
LESSONS FROM VARIOUS COLLAPSES
  • Trust in Allah even after good design
  • Examples of WTC collapse in US and the ancient
    mosque that survived the earthquake in Turkey.
  • Allah says in Suratul Tauba 9 v. 107-110

17
How WTC Collapsed on September 11
18
How the World Trade Center Collapsed!
  • Some have questioned the way the World Trade
    Center handled fires during the events of 11
    September. However, the twin towers met fire
    codes by having fireproofed steel and a sprinkler
    system. The towers were designed to withstand
    impact from a Boeing 707, the largest civilian
    aircraft at the time (24). The Boeing 707 was a
    smaller plane with a much lower fuel capacity.
    The planes that struck the towers were Boeing
    767s, a larger aircraft with a greater fuel
    capacity. Moreover, the sprinkler system in the
    World Trade Center was capable of putting out
    common office fires fueled by paper and fabric
    -not 20,000 gallons of jet fuel. To begin, water
    does nothing to combat jet fuel fires. Since
    water is heavier than jet fuel, the fuel would
    just float on the water and continue burning.
    Second, the sprinkler system had to have been
    somewhat damaged when the planes hit the
    building. Finally, even if the sprinkler system
    did not fail anywhere and used foam to fight the
    fires, it still would not have been large enough
    to put out 20,000 gallons of jet fuel
    (howstuffworks.com).

19
Baqara 2 v.155-157 155 - Be sure we shall test
you with something of fear and hunger, some loss
in goods, lives and the fruits (of your toil),
but give glad tidings to those who patiently
persevere,-.156 - Who say, when afflicted with
calamity To Allah we belong, and to him is our
return-.157 - They are those on whom (descend)
blessings from their Lord, and mercy. And they
are the ones that receive guidance..
20
The 6-storey building partly destroyed on the
farther side. Thousands of people were killed in
this earthquake that occurred in western Turkey,
August 1999
21
WAY OUT OF THE PROBLEM (Administrative)
  • Drawings and Site Supervision must be undertaken
    by Qualified professionals Engineers, Architect,
    Q.S.
  • Employment of Qualified Professionals by Town
    Planning authorities.
  • Employment of the services of Registered and
    Experienced Contractors
  • Separation of Contractors from Consultants by
    discouraging Turnkey contract

22
Technical solutions
  • Site location adequate bearing capacity. Prophet
    Ibrahim chose a firm highland for building Kaaba
    which has never been affected by floods.

23
Adequate depth for the foundation depending on
the number of storeys
24
Grade Beam Grade Beam is a ground level beam on
which the walls rest and can save the
superstructure in case the foundations below get
damaged.
25
Plinth band should be provided at the floor
level. This helps inholding the plinth together
and prevents any cracks due to anyuneven
settlement in the walls above.
26
The vertical bar at the corners should tie grade
beam and the plinth band as shown in the diagram
below and continue upwards till roof.
27
RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Based on the submissions in respect of the
    problems posed by frequent collapse of buildings,
    I recommend as follows
  • Government should encourage research in
    engineering and other related construction
    fields.
  • Formulation of Nigerian building codes .
  • Soil Mapping by State Governments
  • Enforcement of Sanctions on Parties who Violate
    the Town Planning Laws
  • Regular maintenance of buildings

28
CONCLUSION
  • In this presentation, attempt has been made to
    trace the problem of incessant collapse of
    building. We have drawn some lessons from these
    collapses. Recommendations have also been made on
    how to reduce this problem. It is hoped that if
    government and individuals take to these
    suggestions the problems would be drastically
    reduced.

29
  • THANK YOU!
  • Jazzakhumlahu Khyran!
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